Anatomy And Physiology For Emergency Care Ch. 16 - Digestive System

Front 1

The digestive tract has four major layers: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and ______________.

Back 1

serosa

Front 2

Which of the following abdominal organs does not assist in the digestive process?

A. pancreas

B. gallbladdder

C. liver

D. spleen

Back 2

spleen

Front 3

What is the normal path that food takes through the digestive tract?

Back 3

oral cavity,

pharynx,

esophagus,

stomach,

small intestine,

large intestine,

rectum, &

anus

Front 4

The part of the intestine that is responsible for controlling and coordinating contractions of the smooth muscle is located in the _________.

Back 4

submucosa

Front 5

The _________ covers the muscularis externa along most portion of the digestive tract within the paritoneal cavity.

Back 5

serosa

Front 6

The network of nerves that is responsible for sympathetic and parasympathetic functions is located in the _________.

Back 6

muscularis externa

Front 7

Most of the digestive tract is lined with _________.

Back 7

simple columnar epithelium

Front 8

The type of epithelial tissue found in the oral cavity, esophagus, and anus is called _________.

Back 8

stratified squamous epithelium

Front 9

The process of using waves of muscular contraction to propel material from one part of the digestive tract to another is called __________.

Back 9

peristalsis

Front 10

Functions of the oral cavity include __________.

A. mechanical processing

B. begins the digestion of carbohydrates and lipids with salivary enzymes

C. lubricates material by mixing it with mucus and saliva

D. all of the above

Back 10

all of the above

Front 11

The cranial nerve that innervates the tongue is the _________ nerve.

Back 11

glossopharyngeal

Front 12

The function of the tongue is ________.

A. the mechanical processing of food

B. the senory analysis of food

C. manipulating food in the mouth to assist with chewing

D. all of the above

Back 12

all of the above

Front 13

There are three pairs of salivary glands that secrete fluid into the oral cavity. Which of the following is not an example of a salivary gland?

A. parotid

B. sublingual

C. submandibular

D. subpalatine

Back 13

subpalatine

Front 14

Salivary amylase released by the salivary glands helps to digest_________.

Back 14

carbohydrates

Front 15

Salivary secretions are normally controlled by the ______.

Back 15

autonomic nervous system

Front 16

The bulk of each tooth consists of ________.

Back 16

dentin

Front 17

During the process of swallowing, all of the following actions occur except the ____________.

A. epiglottis folds

B. larynx moves upward

C. soft palate moves upward

D. glottis opens up

Back 17

glottis opens up

Front 18

The smallest part of the stomach is called the ________.

Back 18

cardia

Front 19

The _________ regulates the flow of chyme between the stomach and the small intestine.

Back 19

pyloric sphincter

Front 20

The ridges and folds found within the stomach provide a greater surface area for the breakdown of food. This area is called the __________.

Back 20

rugae

Front 21

Hydrochloric acid lowers the pH of the stomach contents. Which of the following cells is responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid?

A. gastric pits

B. parietal cells

C. chief cells

D. gastric glands

Back 21

parietal cells

Front 22

__________ secrete pepinogen into the small stomach lumen to help break down proteins.

Back 22

Chief cells

Front 23

The bacteria __________ was found in apporximately 80 percent of all cases of gastric and duodenal ulcers. Aggressive treatment has helped to eradicate the bacteria and decrease the incidence of peptic disease.

Back 23

Helicobacter pylori

Front 24

The phase that is intitated by the sight, smell, or taste of food is called the _________.

Back 24

cephalic phase

Front 25

_______ is an endocrine hormone released from the gastric glands in the stomach to help churn or mix gastric contents.

Back 25

Gastrin

Front 26

What is the correct order of swallowing phases?

Back 26

orgal,

pharyngeal,

esophageal

Front 27

The common name for backflow of stomach contents toward the esophagus is ___________.

Back 27

heartburn

Front 28

The phase where the chyme begins to enter the duodenum is called the ______.

Back 28

intestinal phase

Front 29

All of the following statements are true regarding why there is a limited amount of digestion that occurs in the stomach except:

A. the epithelial cells are covered by a blanket of acidic mucus and are not directly exposed to chyme

B. the epithelial cells lack the specialized transport mechanisms normally found in cells lining the small intestine

C. the gastric lining is impermeable to water

D. digestion is not completed in the stomach because most carbohydrates, fats, and proteins have only been partially broken down

Back 29

the epithelial cells are covered by a blanket of acidic mucus and are not directly exposed to chyme

Front 30

What is the correct oder that chyme travels through the small intestine?

Back 30

duodenum,

jejunum,

ileum

Front 31

A gastrointestinal (GI) bleed is considered to be in the upper portion of the GI tract when it is proximal to the __________.

Back 31

ligament of Treitz

Front 32

Regional movements of the muscle that churn and fragment the digestive material is called ___________.

Back 32

segmentation

Front 33

The valve that connects the small and large intestine is called the ________.

Back 33

ileocecal valve

Front 34

Nutrients from the small intestine enter the bloodstream through a network of projections called ___________.

Back 34

villi

Front 35

The majority of the absorption of nutrients occurs in what part of the small intestine?

Back 35

jejunum

Front 36

The hormone that stimulates the release of insulin into the blood when glucose is present is called ___________.

Back 36

gastric inhibitory peptide

(GIP)

Front 37

What hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile?

Back 37

cholecystokinin

(CCK)

Front 38

The intestinal hormone that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate ions is called _________.

Back 38

secretin

Front 39

___________ is a hormone that stimulates chief cells and parietal cells in the stomach.

Back 39

Gastrin

Front 40

The pancreas is an essential organ when it comes to digestion. Not only does it release insulin and glucagon, but it also releases ______________ to aid in digestion.

Back 40

lipases,

pancreatic amylase,

proteases

Front 41

Within the pancrease, the pancreatic islets are responsible for producing ____________.

Back 41

carbohydrates,

glucagon, &

insulin

Front 42

Which of the following is the most common cause of portal hypertension?

A. splenomegaly

B. cirrhosis

C. pancreatitis

D. gallbladder disease

Back 42

cirrhosis

Front 43

The three segments of the large intestine are ___________.

Back 43

ascending,

transverse,

descending

Front 44

Which of the following organs is responsible for the storage of glycogen?

A. pancreas

B. liver

C. gallbladder

D. appendix

Back 44

liver

Front 45

Which of the following forms of hepatitis is most commonly transmitted via the fecal/oral route?

A. hepatitis A

B. hepatitis B

C. hepatitis C

D. hepatitis D

Back 45

hepatitis A

Front 46

Which of the following forms of hepatitis is most commonly transmitted via blood, saliva, or semen?

A. hepatitis A

B. hepatitis B

C. hepatitis C

D. hepatitis D

Back 46

hepatitis B

Front 47

Bacteria within the large intestine produce an important vitamin that assits with glucose metabolism. The vitamin is called _________.

Back 47

biotin

Front 48

One of the main functions of the large intestine is to _______.

Back 48

absorb water

Front 49

Which of the following vitamins is necessary for blood coagulation, and is deficient in the presence of chronic liver failure?

A. vitamin D

B. vitamin K

C. vitamin A

D. vitamin B-12

Back 49

vitamin K

Front 50

Which of the following forms of cancer are more common in the elderly who smoke?

A. lung and liver

B. colon and lung

C. oral and pharyngeal

D. skin and liver

Back 50

oral and pharyngeal

Front 51

The __________ is the inner lining of the digestive tract.

Back 51

mucosa

Front 52

The __________ layer of the intestinal wall contains large blood vessels and parasympathetic motor neurons.

Back 52

submucosa

Front 53

The muscularis externa propels food from one part of the digestive tract to the other by way of _________.

Back 53

peristalsis

Front 54

The mechanical mixing of the food in the digestive tract is called ___________.

Back 54

segmentation

Front 55

__________ is an enzyme that breaks down complex carbohydrates into smaller molecules.

Back 55

salivary amylase

Front 56

Each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix simliar to bone called _________.

Back 56

dentin

Front 57

The _________ is the common passageway for food.

Back 57

pharynx

Front 58

The _________ is a muscular tub approximately 10 inches long that transports food to the stomach.

Back 58

esophagus

Front 59

The other term for swallowing is _______.

Back 59

deglutition

Front 60

A weakened esophageal sphincter can cause ___________, which is a type of inflammation.

Back 60

esophagitis

Front 61

Ingested food that has turned into a soupy mixture is called _________.

Back 61

chyme

Front 62

_______ is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

Back 62

Ascites

Front 63

__________ is a condition caused by bacterial toxins, viral infections, or various poisons and characterized by vomiting and diarrhea.

Back 63

gastroenteritis

Front 64

The stomach is lined by a ____________ epithelium that is dominated by mucous cells.

Back 64

simple columnar

Front 65

Each day gastric glands secrete about _________ of gastric juice into the stomach.

Back 65

1500 mL

Front 66

Parietal cells in the stomach secrete ____________ and ____________.

Back 66

Intrinsic factor &

hydrochloric acid

Front 67

Newborn babies produce ______ to coagulate milk to slow digestion.

Back 67

rennin

Front 68

___________ are erosions in the stomach causd by gastric acid.

Back 68

Gastric ulcers

Front 69

The __________ phase is when the chyme moves from the stomach to the small intestine.

Back 69

intestinal

Front 70

The ___________ plays a key role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

Back 70

small intestine

Front 71

The transverse folds within the intestinal wall are called _________.

Back 71

plicae

Front 72

__________ is the neurotransmitter that is released from the lining of the intestinal wall and from neurons in the brain that stimulate vomiting.

Back 72

serotonin

Front 73

__________ is released when the pH decreases in the duodenum.

Back 73

secretin

Front 74

________ is released when fats and carbohydrates enter the small intestine.

Back 74

gastric inhibitory peptide

Front 75

__________ is released in the duodenum in response to a large quantity of impletely digested proteins.

Back 75

Gastrin

Front 76

As chyme begins to enter the duodenum, _____________ is released to increase bile in the duodenum.

Back 76

cholecystokinin

Front 77

The right and left loves of the liver are divided by a tough connective tissue called the ___________.

Back 77

falciform ligament

Front 78

The phagocytic cells found within the liver are called ________________.

Back 78

Kupffer cells

Front 79

Bile released from the gallbladder is responsible for the ____________ of fats.

Back 79

emulsification

Front 80

The most common cause of chronic viral hepatitis in the United States is _____________.

Back 80

Hepatitis C

Front 81

The main function of the gallbladder is __________

Back 81

bile storage

Front 82

The most common location of abdominal pain in the case of an acute gallbladder attack is the ______________.

Back 82

right upper quadrant

Front 83

The appendix primarily functions as an organ of the __________ system.

Back 83

lymphatic

Front 84

The feature of the large intestine that makes it look differently than the rest of the intestine is the presence of large pouches called ___________.

Back 84

haustra

Front 85

Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle called ___________ run along the oustide of the colon beneath the serosa.

Back 85

taeniae coli

Front 86

Vitamin K is a fat-soluable vitamin needed by the liver to synthesize the clotting factor ___________.

Back 86

prothrombin

Front 87

Digestive enzymes break bonds between molecules in a process called _________.

Back 87

hydrolysis

Front 88

Vitamin _________ is an essential vitamin in the first step of Kreb's cyle and for other metabolic processes.

Back 88

B1

Front 89

In the elderly, a decrease in the motility of the intestinal tract leads to ____________.

Back 89

constipation

Front 90

____________ is a disease that is characterized by widespread destruction of hepatocytes.

Back 90

cirrhosis

Front 91

peritonitis

Back 91

inflammation of the peritoneal membrane

Front 92

polyps

Back 92

mucosal tumors

Front 93

ascites

Back 93

accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Front 94

inflammatory bowel disease

Back 94

chronic inflammation of the digestive tract

Front 95

mastication

Back 95

chewing

Front 96

chyme

Back 96

partially digested food

Front 97

pepsin

Back 97

proteolytic enzyme

Front 98

gastrectomy

Back 98

surgical removal of stomach

Front 99

achalasia

Back 99

bolus cannot reach stomach due to a constriction of the esophagus

Front 100

colectomy

Back 100

removal of all or a portion of the colon