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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Target cells
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nervous signals get to destinations quicker, but endocrine hormones have longer effects
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endocrine glands vs. exocrine glands
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endocrine have no ducts - release hormones into surrounding tissue
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list the endocrine glands
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pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, thymus glands
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which gland is a neuroendocrine organ?
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hypothalmus
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which endorcrine glands are in the brain? (3)
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pineal, hypothalmus, pituitary
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which endorcrine glands are in the neck? (2)
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thyroid, parathyroid
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which endocrine gland is near the heart?
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thymus gland
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which endocrine glands are in the thoracic cavity? (2)
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adrenal glands (2), pancreas
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which endocrine glands are in the gonads?
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ovaries or testes
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what other cells produce hormones?
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adipose cells produce LEPTIN, and there are pockets of hormone-producing cells in the walls of the small intestine, heart, stomach, & kidneys (but only affect their immediate area.)& tumor cells (produce hornones in extreme amounts)
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most hormones are made of ______?
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ammino acids
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are ammino acid-based hormones hydophilic or hydrophobic? (& what does this mean/effects of this?)
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hydophilic = H2O soluble = CAN'T go through cells' phospholipid bilayer
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steroid hormones are made of?
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cholesterol (lipid/fat based) = fat soluble = can get across the phospholipid bilayer easily
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eicosanoids & their purpposes
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leukotrines (inflamatory mediators) & prostaglandins (pain mediators)
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target cells
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what the hormones affect - all other cells ignore the hormones all around them
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which ammino-acid hormone does not use the 2nd messenger system to get into cells?
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thyroid hormone
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how do ammino acid based hormones get into cells?
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2nd messenger system
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explain the 2nd messenger system
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1. hormone binds to its receptor protien, 2. which binds inside the cell membrane to an inactive G-protien. 3. The GDP inside the G-protien is kicked out by GTP, so the G-protien turns on (light switch). 4. Now the activated G-protien moves along membrane & binds to ADENYLATE CYCLASE (2 either stimulate or inhibit it). 5. GTP atachaced to G-protien is hydrolyzed in to GDP again. 6. adenylate cyclase makes cAMP from ATP. 7. cAMP triggers cascade of RXions by binding with protein kinase - starting with the activation of protein kinase (this starts a number of reactions.)
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what does "kinase" mean?
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that something is phosphorylated
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oxytocin, anti-diuritic hormone, catacholamines, & thyroid-releaseing hormone use what process to get into cells?
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PIP-Calcium mechanism (also a 2nd messenger process)
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steroids & thyroid hormone use what method to get into the cell?
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direct gene activation mechanism
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explain the process of the direct gene activation mechanism
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they pass right through the phospholipid bilayer and into nucleus, binds to a receptor, binds to DNA & starts transcription of a certain gene, mRNA is transcribed, leaves the nucleus & mRNA directs synthesis of a specific protein.
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hormone-receptor interaction depends equally on 3 factors - what are they
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1. blood levels of hormone 2. # of receptors in target cells 3. affinity (strength) of bond between hormone & receptor
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up-regulation
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when target cells form more receptors in response to rising blood levels of a specific hormone
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down-regulation
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when target cells are desensitized to a hormone b/c of its high concentrations - they respond less vigorously
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half-life of hormones & 2 examples
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the length of time for hormone BLOOD levels to be reduced by 1/2 - (from a couple minutes to a week) H2O-soluble - (epinephrine) have a short 1/2 life. Fat-suloble (steroids) have a long 1/2 life
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3 mjor mechanisms for hormone release (list them)
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1. humoral stimuli 2. neural stimuli 3. hormonal stimuli
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humoral stimuli & ex.
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when glands secrete hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of certain critical ions & nutrients ("Humor" = body fluid) EX: when calcium levels get too high, calcitonin gets released
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neural stimuli & ex.
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when nerve fibers stimulate glands to release hormones EX: adrenal gland innervated by sympathetic nervous system 2 release epinephrine
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hormonal stimuli & ex.
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most glands are under control of hormone released by hypothalmus - EX: pituitary glad makes 6 hormones - completely under control of the hypothalmus's FSH releasing hormone, etc.
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pituitary gland relseases what 9 hormones?
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1. ACTH 2. TSH 3. LH 4. FSH 5. PRL 6. GH 7. MSH 8. ADH 9. Oxytocin
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what is the stalk attaching the pituiatary to the hypothalmus?
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infundibulum
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what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary
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posterior lobe (neuronal tissue), & anterior lobe (glandular tissue)
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posterior lobe of pituitary does what?
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storage place - stores oxytocin & ADH (these are produced in the hypothalmus
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"adeno" means what?
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gland
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what hormones are from the anterior lobe of the pituitary? (6)
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1. ACTH 2. TSH 3. LH 4. FSH 5. PRL 6. GH
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POMC
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pro-opiomelanocortin - a precursor that can be split to produce othe hormones - MSN & natural poiates of the brain
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MSH
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melanocyte stimulating hormone -more of a neuro-transmitter - to modulate our appetite - (in OTHER animals - it stimulates the melanicytes to produce melanin pigment)
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tropic hormones (tropins) & pituitary gland examples
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stimulate their target cells - regulate the secretory action of other endocrine glands -all affect their target cells via an AMP 2nd messenger system EX's: TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
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growth hormone
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produced in somatotrophs - stimulates ALL the body's cells 2 increase in size & start mitosis - major targets = bones & skeletal muscle. = increased muscle mass & elongation = anabolic hormone - also has insulin-like activity (breaks down fats for fuels & breaks down glycogen. increases blood sugar levels
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glucose-spearing effect or diabetogenic effect
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causes a transient hyperglycemia - (high blood sugar level) (opposite of what insulin does)
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GH under control of what 2 hormones?
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GHRH & GHIH (or somatostatin)
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when is the most GH released?
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when you're sleeping
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when do GH levels peak?
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in adolescence (growth spurts)
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Hypersecretion of GH is
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giantism = during active epipyseal plates are still open - can get up to 8 ft tall - normally these people have heart problems - valvular failures/congestive heart failure - normally die young
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hypersecretion of GJ AFTER epipyseal plates are closed
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acromegaly - large hands, feet, & face - thickening of the toungue & jaws - tumor needs to be removed to treat, but all growth effects are permanent
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hyposecretion of GH
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pituitary dwarfism - no taller than 4 feet - typically there are failures of all hormones in the anterior pituitary = no sexual maturation, etc. If ID'd in time, can get hormone replacement therapy, etc.
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TSH
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Thyrotropin - stimulates thyroid gland. Release of TSH triggered by TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone) -
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ACTH
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corticotropin - stimulates the adrenal gland to produce its steroids
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FSH
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follicle stimulating hormone - stimulates gamate production (eggs & sperm)
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LH
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Lutenizing hormone - in female - triggers maturation of ovarian follicles & promotes ovulation, promotes sythesis of extrogen & progesterone. In males - stimultes production of testosterone
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PRL
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Prolactin - stimuates milk production in breasts - this is a supply & demand hormone - not understood in males
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hypersecretion of PRL
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hyperprolactinemia - dripping milk when you're not feeding a baby
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oxytocin
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stimulates uterine contractions
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ADH
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anti-diuretic hormone- prevents swings in H2O balance, helps body avoid dehydration & H2O overload
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inhibiting ADH producion w/alcohol causes what?
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HUGE amount of urine output (5L/day) & dehydrates you
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diabetes insipidus
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output of huge amounts & intense thirst is pathopneumonic ("diabetes" = overflow "insipidus" = tasteless)
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diabetes mellitus
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"Diabetes" = overflow "mel" = honey sweet urine = huge amounts of blood glucose lost in urine
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what can cause diabetes insipidus
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blow to the head that damages the hypothalmus or posterior pituitary
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thyroid gland
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in the neck - largest pure endocrine gland in the body - 2 sides connected by an isthmus
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thyroid hormone is the only tissue in the body that does what?
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selectively uptake iodine from the blood (in a 6-step reaction)
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Thyroid hormone made up of what?
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2 iodine-containing amine hormones - T4 (Thyroxine) & T3 (Triiodothyronine)
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Target organs of the thyroid hormone?
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everything in the body EXCEPT adult brain, spleen, testes, uterus, & thyroid gland itself
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how is thyroid hormone produced?
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1. thyroglobulin made in rough ER & sent 2 colloid. 2. Iodide brought in cell by active transport - oxidized to IodiNe 3. attaches to tyrosine - forms MIT & DIT. 4. MIT & DIT couple & become T3 or T4. 5. T3 & T4's are endocytosed (popped out) in a lysosome. 6. T3 & T4 leave lysosome, leave cell, and enter bloodstream
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Iodine deficiency causes?
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excessive colloid buildup = goiter (in the neck)
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hypothyroid syndrome
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untreated = myxedema = the fat pads behind your eyes swell & your eyes pop out - the thyroid will give up & atrophy if not treated
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cretinism
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hypothyroid in infants - mantal retardation - child won't grow right - developmental abnormalities mentally are not reversable - from lack of meternal dietary iodine or problem with gland development
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grave's disease
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Hyperthyroidism - increased metabolic rate - rapid heartrate - removal of the tyroid gland - ingest Iodine 131 (radioactive - only the thyroid cells pull it in and it gets destroyed
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calcitonin
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none of 2 hormones responsible for blood CA regulation - when the levels are too high - calcitonin is released - stimulates osteoBlasts (bone builders) to pull Ca out of blood and deposit into bones
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parathyroid glands
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located posterior (or just inside) the thyroid gland - secretes PTH - stimulates oseoClasts when blood Ca levels are too low
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PTH
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parathyroid hormone - stimulates osteoClasts to break Ca out fo bones and into the blood
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hypoparathyroidism
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usually b/c of accidental removal during surgery - you're jumpy.
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hypocalcemia
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if you don’t have enough parathyroid hormone - not enough Ca in blood - muscles can't contract b/c of Ca deposits in the muscles = deadly
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hypoparathyroidism
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when you don't have enough Ca in diet, so bones are broken down & fracture all the time
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adrenal gland (or suprarenal) - name the 2 sections
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inner adrenal medulla and outer adrenal cortex
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adrenal cortex produces… (3)
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mineralocorticoids (adosterone), Glococorticoids (cortisol), and gonadocorticoids (androgens that’s later change into testosterone/estrogen)
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adrenal medulla produces… (2)
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epinepherine & norepinepherine
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mineralocorticoids
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regulate mineral salt (electrolyte) conentrations in extracellular fluids - aldosterone is the most potent & is 95% of mineralocorticoids produced - maintains sodium balance in body
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describe the mechanisms that regulate aldosterone secretion
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1. kidneys get excited when blood pressure & volume declines & release Renin in to blood. 2. renin breaks off angiotensiogen, which ACE converts into Angiotensin I, and then into Angiotensin II (which stimulates aldosterone release). 3. more Na+in blood casue more aldosterone to be released, more K+ in blood limits aldosterone release. 4. when you are stressed, hypothalmus secretes more CRH & higher ACTH levels cause more aldosterone secertion also. 5. ANP secerted by the heart inhibits the release of aldosterone.
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hypersecretion of aldosterone
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Aldosteronism - from an adrenal tumor - excessive Na+ & H2O retention (edema)& loss of K+ ions - b/c loss of K+ = muscle weakness & eventual paralysis
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hyposecretion of aldosterone (& low mineralocorticoids)
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Addisons disease - deficit output of mineralocorticoids & glucorticoids - brozing of the body = bronze diabetes - severe dehydration & hypotension
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glucocorticoids
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released in response to stress - antiinflammatory - under control of ACTH - enhanes action of epinepherine - higher blood pressure, etc. - rise in blood levels of glucose, fatty acids, and ammino acids - slows healing - immunosupressive - usually from an adrenal tumor
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long-standing glucorticoid excess produces?
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Cushing's syndrome - moon face - more fat at the buffalo hump - more fat on stomach & neck - immunosupressed -
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gonadocorticoids
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?
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excessive glucocorticoids = ?
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cushings syndrome
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hypO-mineralocorticoids = ?
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addison's disease
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androgenital syndrome
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hypersecretion of gonadocorticoids - females look like males - little boys mature early
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adrenal medulla produces… (2)
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catecholamines
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hypersecretion of chatecholamines
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pheochromocytoma - uncontrolled sympathetic nervous system activity - hyperglycemia, higher metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, nervousness & sweating
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glucogon
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breaks down glycogen - (& other fats) 2 increase blood sugar
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insulin
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produced by beta cells - produced as 83 ammino acids & is broken down to 51 in a chain - enhances membrane transport of glucose -
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diabetes mellitus
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hyposecretin or hypoactivity of insulin - blood glucose constantly high, but glucose can't get into the cells -
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polyuria
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excessive urination
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polydipsia
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excessive thirst
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polyphagia
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excessive hunger & food consumption
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hypoglycemia
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brain disorientation, convulsions, inconsciousness & death
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3 gonads hormones
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estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
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pineal gland hormone
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melatonin - sleep/wake cycles - also has a role in
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Thymus -
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stimulates production of T lymphocytes
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erythropoietin
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"red marker" - signals to bone marrow ro increase production of the red blood cells
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