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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What's the difference between Afferent neurons and Efferent neurons? |
Afferent neurons go towards the CNS and efferent neurons go away from the CNS |
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What are Neuroglia? |
Neuroglia is the "glue" between neurons in nervous tissue. Glial cells are neuron supporting cells that segregate and electrically insulate the neurons with myelin. |
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What are the five types of Neuroglia or Glial cells?
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Oligodendrocyes - myelin sheaths in CNS Schwann Cells - myelin sheaths in the PNS Astrocytes - mediate blood/brain barrier Microglial Cells - special CNS macrophages Ependymal Cells - line the spinal column and brain ventricles, produce cerebral-spinal fluid |
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What forms the myelin sheath? |
The myelin sheath is formed by oligodendrocytes in the CNS |
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What is a group of cell bodies called in the CNS and what is it called in the PNS? |
CNS = nuclei PNS = ganglia |
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What is a group of axons called in the CNS and what is it called in the PNS? |
CNS = tract PNS = nerves |
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What is the difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems? |
Somatic is under voluntary control but autonomic is under involuntary control |
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What are the three subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? |
-Parasympathetic -Sympathetic -Enteric |
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What does the sympathetic nervous system control? |
Emergency "fight or flight" responses |
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system control? |
Every day "rest and digest" conditions |
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What does the enteric nervous system control? |
The enteric system controls the gut. This includes peristalsis, fluid exchange, gut blood flow and the secretion of hormones. |
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How many potassium and sodium ions are transported through sodium/potassium pumps? |
3 Na+ (Per 2 K+ pump) |
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What are the phases of the action potential? |
1-Restingstate (resting membrane potential) 2-Depolarization(Na+ gates open) 3-Repolarization (Na+gates close, K+ gates open) 4-Continuedrepolarization and refractory period (K+ gates close, Na+/K+ pump takes over) |
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List the functions of Norepinephrine/epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and enkelphalins/endorphins |
•Norepinephrineandepinephrine (adrenaline)– involved in excitatory pathways •Dopamine – motor control (Parkinson’s diseaseinvolves the loss of dopamine)•Serotonin – temperature regulation, sensoryperception, onset of sleep •Enkelphalinsandendorphins – the“happy” neuro-transmitters–involved in blocking the transmission and perception of pain |
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What is the function of the meninges |
The meninges cover and protect the CNS, they contain cerebrospinal fluid, they protect blood vessels and enclose the venous sinuses and they form partitions within the skull. |
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What are the functions of the cerebrospinal fluid? |
Cerebrospinal fluid forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs, it prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight, it helps to protect the CNS from blows and trauma and it nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it. |
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Describe the pathway of cerebrospinal fluid |
•CSFforms by filtering blood throughchoroidplexuses (specialized capillary beds) into the ventricles •CSFthenmoves throughopenings between the lateral, third, and fourth ventricles •Fromthe fourthventriclethere are openings intothe space around the brain and spinal cord •CSFis reabsorbed back into the blood supply at the dural venous sinuses (back 3 slides) |
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What is the function of the cerebrum? |
The cerebrum controls our ability to read, write, speak, think, remember, feel, and move. It interprets sensory information and controls motor function as well. |
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What is the function of the thalamus? |
The thalamus sorts out and passes on sensory information such as pain, temperature, light touch and pressure. |
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What is the function of the hypothalamus? |
The hypothalamus controls several autonomic nervous functions such as heart rate, body temperature, appetite, thirst and sleep. It also controls the production of hormones by acting on the pituitary gland. |
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What is the function of the midbrain? |
The midbrain is the reflex center for head and eye movements in response to sight and sounds. |
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What is the function of the pons? |
The pons forms a bridge between the cerebellum and brain stem. ALL sensory and motor fibers pass through the pons. It also helps to regulate breathing. |
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What is the function of the medulla oblongata? |
The medulla oblongata is where the crossover of motor fibers occurs. It also controls heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure and swallowing/sneezing/vomiting |
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What are the three centers of the medulla oblongata? |
-Cardiac center -Respiratory center -Vasomotor center |
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What is the function of the cerebellum? |
The cerebellum provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction. It also maintains equilibrium using sensory input from inner ear. |
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What are the twelve cranial nerves? |
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