Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
81 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
List three functions of the lymphatic system
|
1)transports excess fluid to the bloodstream
2)absorbs fats 3)defends body against disease |
|
Lymphatic capillaries are microscopic, closed-ended ____ that extend into ____ _____. They receive ___ through their thin ___
|
tubes, interstitial spaces, lymph, walls
|
|
Lymphatic vessels have walls similar to those of ___, only thinner, and possess ____ that prevent ____ of lymph
|
veins, valves, backflow
|
|
Larger lymphatic vessels lead to ___ ____ and then merge into ____ ____
|
lymph nodes, lymphatic trunks
|
|
Lymphatic trunks lead to which collecting ducts? These collecting ducts join what?
|
the thoracic duct, and the right lymphatic duct.
They join the subclavian veins. |
|
Tissue fluid originates from ____ ____.
|
blood plasma
|
|
Tissue fluid lacks ___ (size of) proteins. Some smaller proteins, however, leak into ____ ____
|
large, interstitial space
|
|
As the protein concentration of tissue fluid increases, ___ ____ pressure increases
|
colloid osmotic
|
|
How is lymph formed?
|
Increasing pressure within interstitial spaces forces some tissue fluid into lymphatic capillaries. This fluid becomes lymph.
|
|
Lymph returns ____ molecules to the bloodstream and transports foreign particles to ____ ____
|
protein; lymph nodes
|
|
How is lymph moved? (two ways)
|
1)by the contraction of skeletal muscles
2)low pressure in the thorax created by breathing movements |
|
Lymph nodes are subdivide into ____. These subdivision contain masses of ____ and ____
|
nodules, lymphocytes, macrophages
|
|
Lymph nodes aggregate in ____ or chains along the paths of larger lymphatic ____.
|
groups, vessels
|
|
Three functions of lymph nodes
|
1)filter harmful foreing particles from lymph
2)centers for production of lymphocytes 3)centers containing phagocytic cells |
|
The thymus is composed of ____ tissue, subdivided into ____
|
lymphatic, lobules
|
|
Some ____ leave the thymus and provide ____
|
lymphocytes, immunity
|
|
What happens to the thymus with age.
|
slowly shrinks after puberty.
|
|
The spleen is like a large ___ ___ subdivided into ____
|
lymph node, lobules
|
|
Spaces within the splenic lobules are filled with _____
|
blood
|
|
The spleen contains many ____. Give two functions of the spleen
|
macrophages
1)filter foreign particles 2)filter damaged red blood cells from blood |
|
What is "species resistance"? Give an example.
|
when one species is resistant to certain diseases that may affect other species . Example: the infectious agent causing Measles, mumps, gonorrhea, syphilis, infect humans, but no other animal species
|
|
The body has ____ and ____ defenses against infection.
|
nonspecific, specific
|
|
Name 6 types of nonspecific defenses against infection.
|
1)species resistance
2)mechanical barriers 3)chemical barriers 4)fever 5)inflammation 6)phagocytosis |
|
Name two mechanical barriers involved in nonspecific defenses against infection. What do these do?
|
skin and mucous membranes. These block entrance of some pathogens.
|
|
List two type of chemical barriers involved in nonspecific defenses against infection.
|
1)enzymes (gastric juice, tears)
2)interferons |
|
What is interferon?
|
A hormone-like peptide produced by cells like lymphocytes and fibroblasts.
|
|
Name three functions of interferon
|
1)stimulate uninfected cells to SYNTHESIZE ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS (that block viral proliferation)
2)stimulate PHAGOCYTOSIS 3)ENHANCE activity of CELLS that help RESIST INFECTIONS and STIFLE TUMOR GROWTH. |
|
How does fever help fight infection?
|
Higher body temperature leads to decrease in blood iron level and increase in phagocytic activity.
|
|
What is inflammation. What are it's four clinical symptoms/signs?
|
1)tissue response to injury or infection
2)localized redness, swelling, heat, and pain. |
|
In inflammation, ____ released by damaged tissus attracte ___ ___ ___ to the site
|
chemicals, white blood cells
|
|
In inflammation, ____ ____ containing many fibers may form a ___ around injured tissue and thus ____ the spread of ____
|
connective tissue, sac/barrier, block, pathogens
|
|
Which two cell types are the most active phagocytes in blood
|
neutrophils and monocytes
|
|
Monocytes give rise to ___, which remain fixed in ____
|
macrophages, tissues
|
|
Phagocytic cells are associated with the linings of blood vessels in which tissues/organs (5)?
|
bone marrow, liver, spleen, lungs, and lymph nodes
|
|
With regards to immunity, before birth, body cells inventory "self" ___ and other large molecules. After inventory, _____ develop receptors that allow them to differentiate between nonself (foreign) and self ____
|
proteins, lymphocytes, antigens
|
|
How do nonself (foreign) antigens simulate an immune reaction.
|
Foreign antigens combine with Y cell and B cell surface receptors, stimulating these cells to cause an immune reaction.
|
|
What are haptens
|
Haptens are small MOLECULES that can COMBINE with larger ones, becoming ANTIGENIC.
|
|
Lymphocytes originate in ___ ___ ___ and are released into the blood before they ____.
|
red bone marrow, differentiate
|
|
Some lymphocytes, after being released into the blood, reach the ____, where they mature into _ cells
|
thymus, T
|
|
Where do the B cells mature?
|
in the red bone marrow
|
|
Where do T cells and B cells reside?
|
in lymphatic tissues and organs
|
|
Some T cells interact with ___-bearing agents ____ (how?), providing the ____ (what type of) immune response.
|
antigen, cellular
|
|
T cells secrete ____, such as ____, that enhance cellular responses to antigens.
|
cytokines, interleukins
|
|
T cells may also secrete substances that are ___ to their target cells.
|
toxic
|
|
Varieties of T cells and B cells number in the _____. The members of each variety respond only to a specific ____. As a group, the members of each variety form a ____.
|
millions, antigen, clone.
|
|
How are helper T cells activated?
|
by encountering an antigen-presenting cell which DISPLAYS a foreign antigen, for which the helper cell is specialized to react.
|
|
How does a macrophage act in the cellular immune response?
|
It PHAGOCYTIZES an antigen-bearing agent, DIGESTS the agent, and DISPLAYS the antigen on its cell membrane.
|
|
A foreign antigen is displayed on the cell membrane of, for example, a macrophage in association with what else?
|
MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) proteins.
|
|
An activated T cell contacts a ___ that carries the foreign ___ the T cell previously encountered on an ____-____ cell.
|
B cell, antigen, antigen-presenting
|
|
Name three things an activated helper T cell does when it contacts a B cell which carries the appropriate antigen?
|
1)secretes cytokines
2)stimulates B cell proliferation 3)attracts macrophages |
|
What role do cytotoxic T cells play in immunity?
|
they recognize foreign antigens on TUMOR cells and cells whose surfaces indicate that they are INFECTED by viruses. The cytotoxic T cell then kills the other cell.
|
|
What are memory T cells?
|
T cells that respond quickly to subsequent exposure to the same antigen, AFTER the first exposure to this antigen.
|
|
T cells are involved in which of the two types of immune response?
|
Cellular immune response.
|
|
briefly explain cellular immune response
|
Macrophages phagocytize foreign antigen and display it. This stimulates helper T cells, which stimulate B cells, and attact macrophages. Killer (cytotoxic) T cells are stimulated by the foreing antigen on tumor cells or infected cells. They kill the bad cell.
|
|
B cells are involved in which of the two types of immune responses?
|
humoral immune response
|
|
B cells are activated when they encounter an ____ that fits their ____ receptors.
|
antigen, antigen
|
|
An activated B cell ____ (especially when stimulated by a __ ___), enlarging its ____
|
proliferates/divides, T cell, clone
|
|
Some activated B cell clones specialize into antibody-producing ____ cells. Others become ____ cells.
|
plasma, memory
|
|
Antibodies react against the ___-____ agent that stimulated their production.
|
antigen-bearing
|
|
What are antibodies?
|
Soluble PROTEINS called IMMUNOGLOBULINS.
|
|
List the five major types of immunoglobulins. Which are the three most abundant?
|
IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE
IgG, IgA, IgM are the most abundant. |
|
what are the three general ways that antibodies act?
|
1)attach directly to antigens
2)activate complement 3)stimulate local tissue CHANGES that are UNFAVORABLE to antigen-bearing agents (eg viruses or bacteria) |
|
List three things that can result from direct attachment of antibody to antigen
|
1)agglutination
2)precipitation 3)neutralization |
|
What is "complement". What does it do (3)?
|
complement is a protein
1)attracts phagocytes 2)changes cells to make them more susceptible to phagocytosis 3)ruptures foreign cell membranes (lysis) |
|
The first reaction to an antigen is called a ___ ___ ___.
|
primary immune response`
|
|
During a primary immune response, _____ are produced for several weeks. Some _ ___ remain dormant as ____ cells.
|
antibodies, B cells, memory
|
|
A ____ immune response occurs rapidly as a result of _____ cell response if the same antigen is encountered later again.
|
secondary, memory
|
|
What is active immunity? passive immunity? Which lasts longer
|
Active immunity occurs when a person produces an immune response to an antigen. This type last the longest.
Passive immunity is when a person receives ANTIBODIES produced by another individual or in a lab. |
|
What is the difference between naturally and artificially acquired immunity?
|
Naturally acquired immunity arises in the course of natural events. Artificially acquired immunity is the result of a medical procedure.
|
|
1)What is an example of a naturally acquire ACTIVE immunity.2)naturally acquired passive immunity?
|
1)a primary immune response after an infection with a pathogen
2)antibodies passing from mother to fetus through the placental membrane. |
|
1)What is an example of an artificially acquired active immunity? 2)artificially acquired passive immunity?
|
1)vaccine containing a dead or weakened pathogen.
2)injection of antibodies into a person. |
|
what are allergic reactions?
|
excessive and misdirected immune responses that may damage tissue.
|
|
____-_____ allergy, which can occur in anyone and inflame the skin, results from repeated exposure to ____. Give an example. What cells are involved in this?
|
delayed-reaction, antigens.
example: dermatitis from repeated exposure to cosmetics T-cells, and macrophages |
|
____-____ allergy is an inborn ability to overproduce ____
|
Immediate-reaction, IgE
|
|
Which type of cells is particularly involved in an allergic reaction? What does this type of cell release when it erupts
|
1)mast cells
2)releases allergy mediators such as HISTAMINE |
|
In an allergic reaction, chemicals released from ___ cells can cause what type of allergic symptoms?
|
mast
hives, hay fever, asthma, eczema, gastric disturbances. |
|
What is tissue rejection?
|
When a transplant recipient's immune system reacts against the transplant
|
|
What can minimize tissue rejection, and help prevent it?
|
1)matching donor and recipient tissues
2)using immunosuppressive drugs |
|
What is an autoimmune disorder?
|
when a person's immune system manufactures antibodies that attack that person's own tissues
|
|
Name three things that can cause, or are associated with, an autoimmune disease.
|
1)previous viral infection
2)faulty T cell development 3)reaction to a foreign antigen that resembles a self antigen. |
|
Describe how an immediate-reaction allergic response may occur.
|
1)patient previously sensitized to an antigen
2)second contact with antigen, IgE attaches to mast cells, and causes release of chemicals such as histamine. |