Ch 1: The Human Body: An Orientation

Front 1

anatomy

Back 1

studies the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another

(ana - upward, apart;
tom/o - to cut)

Front 2

physiology

Back 2

studies the function of the body; how the body works and carries out their life sustaining activities

(physi/o - nature; function)

Front 3

gross anatomy (or microscopic)

Back 3

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Front 4

Name the 3 different gross anatomies

Back 4

1. regional anatomy
2. systemic anatomy
3. surface anatomy

Front 5

regional anatomy

Back 5

subdivision of gross anatomy

all the structures in a particular region of the body

Front 6

systemic anatomy

Back 6

subdivision of gross anatomy

body structure is studied system by system. For example, when studying the cardiovascular system, you examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body

Front 7

surface anatomy

Back 7

subdivision of gross anatomy

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
You use surface anatomy when you identify the buldging muscles beneath a bodybuilder's skin, and clinical use is to locate appropriate blood vessels in which to feel pulses and draw blood

Front 8

Name the 2 subdivisions under microscopic anatomy

Back 8

1. cellular anatomy / cytology
2. histology

Front 9

microscopic anatomy

Back 9

structures too small to be seen with the naked eye. Studied under the microscope.

Front 10

cellular anatomy / cytology

Back 10

subdivision of microscopic anatomy

Cells of the body
(cyt - cell)

Front 11

histology

Back 11

subdivision of microscopic anatomy

study of tissue
(hist/o - tissue)

Front 12

Name the 1 subdivision under developmental anatomy

Back 12

1. embryology

Front 13

developmental anatomy

Back 13

structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

Front 14

embryology

Back 14

subdivision of developmental anatomy

developmental changes that occur before birth

Front 15

pathological anatomy

Back 15

structural changes caused by disease
(path/o - disease)

Front 16

radiographic anatomy

Back 16

internal structures as visualized by x-ray images or specialized scanning procedures
(radi/o - x-rays)

Front 17

molecular anatomy

Back 17

studies the structure of biological molecules (chemical substances)

Front 18

anatomical terminology

Back 18

name joints, parts of the body and describe how they relate so other people may understand
(ana - up;
tom/o - to cut)

Front 19

observation

Back 19

the act of watching carefully

Front 20

manipulation

Back 20

the act of practicing. Work a joint to determine its range of motion.

Front 21

palpation

Back 21

feeling organs with your hands

Front 22

auscultation

Back 22

listening to organ sounds with a stethoscope

Front 23

Name the 4 topics of physiology

Back 23

Operation of specific organ systems:
1. renal physiology
2. neurophysiology
3. cardiovascular physiology
4. other organ system physiology

Most of them consider the ooperation of specific organ systems

Front 24

renal physiology

Back 24

Subdivision of topics of physiology:
concerns kidney fuction and urine production.
(ren/o - kidney;
physi/o - function)

Front 25

neurophysiology

Back 25

Subdivision of topics of physiology:

workings of the nervous system
(neur/o - nerve)

Front 26

cardiovascular physiology

Back 26

Subdivision of topics of physiology:
operation of the heart and blood vessel
(cardi/o - heart;
vascul/o - vessel)

Front 27

other organ system physiology

Back 27

Subdivision of topics of physiology:
physiology often focuses on events at the cellular or molecular level

Front 28

complementarily of structure and function

Back 28

--Function always reflects structure
--What a structure can do depends on its specific form.

Nature does not make a specific shape without a reason
For example, bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits

Front 29

Name the Levels of Structural Organization

Back 29

A. Levels of Structural Hierarchy
1. Chemical Level
a. Atoms
b. Molecules / Compounds
2. Cellular level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System Level
6. Organismal Level
B. Summary of Body Organ

Front 30

Atoms
Molecules/Compounds

Back 30

Chemical Level of Structural Organization:
Atoms are tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules. Such as water and proteins.

Front 31

Cellular Level

Back 31

Levels of Structural Organization:
cells are made of molecules.

Front 32

Tissue Level

Back 32

Levels of Structural Organization:
Tissues consist of similar types of cells. 4 basic tissue types - epithelium, muscle, connective tissue and nervous tissue

Front 33

Organ Level

Back 33

Levels of Structural Organization:
Organs are made up of different types of tissues

Front 34

Organ System Level

Back 34

Levels of Structural Organization:
Consists of different organs that work together closely

Front 35

Organismal Level

Back 35

Levels of Structural Organization:
made up of the organ system

Front 36

Name the 9 necessary life functions

Back 36

1. Interrelationship Among Body Systems
2. Maintaining Boundaries
3. Movement
4. Responsiveness / Irritability
5. Digestion
6. Metabolism
7. Excretion
8. Reproduction
9. Growth and development

Front 37

Interrelationship Among Body Systems

Back 37

Type of Necessary Life Function:
Organ systems work together to promote well-being of the entire body

Front 38

Maintaining Boundaries

Back 38

Type of Necessary Life Function:
living organisms have an internal environment (its inside) remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it (its outside)

(Integumentary system - protects internal organs from drying out)

Front 39

Movement

Back 39

Type of Necessary Life Function:
Location - muscles
Propulsion (peristalsis) - (propelling) movement of substances through the body/blood, food, urine
Contractility - muscle cells' ability to shorten

for example, propelling overselves from one place to another running or swimming, and manipulating the external environment with our nimble fingers.

(Skeletal system - provides the bony framework that the muscles pull on as they work
and muscular system)

Front 40

Responsiveness / Irritability

Back 40

Type of Necessary Life Function:
Ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them
For example, if you cut your hand on brokenn glass, a withdrawal reflex occurs - you involuntarily pull your hand away from the painful stimulus.

(Nervous System)

Front 41

Digestion

Back 41

Type of Necessary Life Function:
Breaking down of ingested foodstuff to simple molecules that can be absorbed in the blood

(Digestive system performs this function for the entire body)

Front 42

Metabolism

Back 42

Type of Necessary Life Function:
Broad term that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down substances into their simpler building blocks (more specifically, the process of catabolism and anabolism)

(Digestive, Respiratory, Cardiovascular and Endocrine Systems)

Front 43

Excretion

Back 43

Type of Necessary Life Function:
Process of removing wastes from the body

(Digestive, Urinary System, and Respiratory)

Front 44

Reproduction

Back 44

Type of Necessary Life Function:
In cellular reproduction, the original cell divides, producing two identical daughter cells that may then be used for body growth or repair. Reproduction of the human organism, or making a whole new person, is the major task of the reproductive system

(Reproduction system)

Front 45

Growth and Development

Back 45

Type of Necessary Life Function:
An incrase in size of a body part or the organism. It is usually accomplished by incrasing the number of cells

Front 46

Name the 6 Survival Needs

Back 46

1. Ultimate Goal - Maintain Life
2. Nutrients
3. Oxygen
4. Water
5. Maintenance of Body Temperature (37 deg C)
6. Atmospheric Pressure

Front 47

Ultimate Goal - Maintain Life

Back 47

Surival Need

Ultimate goal of all body systems.
Survival Needs: Nutrients (food), Oxygen, Water, Appropriate Body Temp., Atmospheric Pressure

Front 48

Nutrients

Back 48

Surival Need

Contains the chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
Carbohydrates (major energy fuel for body cells, Proteins and Fats

Front 49

Oxygen

Back 49

Surival Need

Need oxygen to live. The chemical reactions that release energy from foods are oxidative reactions that require oxygen, human cells can only survive for only a few minutes without oxygen.

Front 50

Water

Back 50

Surival Need

Accouns for 60-80% of our body weight and is in the single most abudant chemical substance in the body

Front 51

Maintenance of Body Temperature

Back 51

Surival Need

The activity of the muscular system generates most body heat. Body temperature drops below 37 deg C, metabolic reactions become slow and stop. Body temperature above 37 deg C, chemical reactions occure at a frantic pace and body proteins lose their shape and stop functioning.

Front 52

Atmospheric Pressure

Back 52

Surival Need

The force that air exerts on the surface of the body

Front 53

homeostatis

Back 53

home/o - unchanging, constant
- static - stopping; controlling

Translation of homeostasis is "unchanging". Definition rather indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance, in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits

Front 54

Homeostasis - Maintenance of Stable Internal Conditions

Back 54

Every organ system plays a role in maintaining the constancy of the internal environment

Front 55

Homeostasis - Dynamic State of Equilibrium

Back 55

wide variety of chemical, thermal and neural factors act and interact in complex ways

Front 56

Homeostatic Control Mechanism - Communcations

How is it accomplished?

Back 56

Communications - essential for homeostatis

Accomblished by the nervous and endocrine systems, which use neural electrical impulses or blood borne hormones, as information carriers

Front 57

Homeostatic Control Mechanism - Variable

Back 57

Factor or event being regulated

Front 58

Name the 3 components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism

Back 58

1. Receptor
2. Control Center
Effector

Front 59

1 of the 3 components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Receptor

Back 59

First component, some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes by sending information (input) to the second component, the control center. Input flows from reception to control center along afferent path

afferent - approaches the control center

Front 60

1 of the 3 components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Control Center

Back 60

2nd component, determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. Analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response

Front 61

1 of the 3 components of a Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Effector

Back 61

3rd component. Information from control center flows to the effector, along the efferent pathway. Provides the means for the control centers response.

Efferent - exits the control center

Front 62

Negative feedback mechanism

Back 62

most homeostatic control mechanisms

Front 63

Negative Feedback Mechanism - Opposite Directional Change

Back 63

The output shuts off the original effect of the cause the variable to change in direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its ideal value

Front 64

Negative Feedback Mechanism - Decrease in Original Stimulus

Back 64

your body works similar to an ac unit in your home. Regulation of body temp. is one of the many ways the nervous system maintains the consistancy of the internal environment

Front 65

Negative Feedback Mechanism - Nervous System Controls

Back 65

Withdrawal reflex

Front 66

Negative Feedback Mechanism - Endocrine System Controls

Back 66

is equally important in maintaining homeostasis.

Example - Control of blood volume by ADH. As blood drops, receptors in the body sense the change and the hypothalamus of the brain (control center) stimulates the release of ADH to the blood

ADH = Anitdiuretic Hormone

Front 67

Negative Feedback Mechanism - Common Goal

Back 67

Preventing sudden severe changes within the body

Front 68

Negative Feedback Mechanism - Name examples

Back 68

Body temperature and blood volume are 2 variables that need to be regulated. Other negative feedback mechanisms regulate heart rate, blood pressure, the rate and depth of breathing, and blood levels of oxygen

Front 69

Positive Feedback Mechanism

Back 69

Result or response ehances the original stimulus so that the response is accelerated

Front 70

Positive Feedback Mechanism - Opposite Directional Change

Back 70

This feedback mechanism is "positive" because the change that results proceed in the same direction at the initial change, causing the variable to deviate further from its original value

Front 71

Positive Feedback Mechanism - Control Infrequent Events

Back 71

Set off a series of events that may be selfperpetuating and have an amplifying or waterfalls effect

Front 72

Positive Feedback Mechanism - does it increase or decrease in original stimulus?

Back 72

increase

Front 73

Positive Feedback Mechanism - Cascade Effect

Back 73

Positive feedback mechanisms are referred to as cascades "to fall"

Front 74

Positive Feedback Mechanism - Cardiovascular System Controls

Back 74

Blood clotting is a normal response to a break in the wall of a blood vessel once a vessel has been damaged, blood elements call platelets immediately cling to the injured site

Front 75

Positive Feedback Mechanism - Reproductive System Controls

Back 75

Positive feedback mechanism in which oxytocin, hypothalamic hormone, intesified labor contractions during the birth of a baby. Oxytocin causes contractions to become both more frequent and more powerful

Front 76

Homeostatic Imbalance - what is can occur? What is the effect?

Back 76

Homeostasis is important that most disease can be regarded as a result of its disturbance.

As we age, our body's control systems become less efficient and our internal environment becomes less stable. These events increase illness.

Front 77

Anatomical Position

Back 77

Body is erect with feet slightly apart. The palms face forward and the thumbs point away from the body

This position is easy to remember because it resembles "standing at attention"

Front 78

Directions terms

Back 78

allows us to explain where one body structure is in relation to another

Front 79

diaphragm

Back 79

dome-shaped muscle important in breathing

Front 80

visceral organs

Back 80

ventral body cavity houses internal organs collectively called viscera or visceral organs

Front 81

Serous membranes are named for the specific cavity and organ with which they are associated:
What are the names of the membranes surrounding the pericardial cavity?
Pleural Cavity?

Back 81

Parietal cardium lines the pericardial cavity and folds back as the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart

Parietal pleurae line the walls of the thoracic cavity and the visceral pleurae covers the lungs

Front 82

What happens which the serous membrances become inflamed?

Back 82

When serous membranes are inflamed, their smooth surface becomes rough which causes the organs to stick together and drag across one another, leading to excruciating pain, as anyone who has experienced pleurisy (inflammation of the pleurae) or peritonitis (inflammation of the peritonea)

Front 83

Chemical

Back 83

Levels of structural organization:

Atoms combined to form molecules

Front 84

ana-

Back 84

up

Front 85

cata-

Back 85

down

Front 86

di-

Back 86

two

Front 87

en-

Back 87

in

Front 88

ex-

Back 88

out

Front 89

glyc/o

Back 89

sugar

Front 90

hydr/o

Back 90

water

Front 91

is/o

Back 91

equal

Front 92

kines/o

Back 92

movement

Front 93

-lysis

Back 93

breakdown

Front 94

mon/o

Back 94

one;single

Front 95

poly-

Back 95

many

Front 96

syn-

Back 96

together

Front 97

tri-

Back 97

three

Front 98

chondr/o

Back 98

cartilage

Front 99

coron/o

Back 99

heart

Front 100

cyt/o

Back 100

cell

Front 101

epi-

Back 101

above; upon

Front 102

gastr/o

Back 102

stomach

Front 103

hist/o

Back 103

tissue

Front 104

home/o

Back 104

same; unchanging

Front 105

hyp/o

Back 105

below, under

Front 106

lumb/o

Back 106

lower back; loin

Front 107

meta-

Back 107

change

Front 108

-logy

Back 108

study of

Front 109

org-

Back 109

living

Front 110

para-

Back 110

near

Front 111

parie-

Back 111

wall

Front 112

path/o
-pathy

Back 112

disease

Front 113

peri-

Back 113

around

Front 114

-stasis

Back 114

stopping; controlling

Front 115

-tomy

Back 115

to cut

Front 116

ventra

Back 116

belly

Front 117

viscus

Back 117

organ

Front 118

In what ways does physiology depend on anatomy?

Back 118

Operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy

Front 119

Would you be studying anatomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

Back 119

Muscle shortening is a topic of physiology. The body location of the lungs is an anatomy topic.

Front 120

What separates living beings from nonliving objects?

Back 120

Living organisms are able to maintain their boundaries, move, respond to environmental changes, digest nutrients, carry out metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduce and grow. While inanimate objects may exhibit some of these properties, they do not exhibit all of them.

Front 121

What name is given to all chemical reactions that occur within body cells?

Back 121

Metabolism is the term that encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells.

Front 122

Why is it necessary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying at 30,000 ft?

Back 122

In flight, the cabin must be pressurized because the atmosphere is thinner at high altitudes and the amount of oxygen entering the blood under such conditions may be insufficient to maintain life.

Front 123

What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold?

Back 123

Negative feedback mechanisms allow us to adjust to conditions outside the normal temperature range by causing heat to be lost from the body and retained or generated by the body in cold conditions

Front 124

When we begin to get dehydrated, we usually get thirsty, which causes us to drink fluids. Is thirst part of a negative or a positive feedback control system?

Back 124

This is part of a negative feedback control system b/c it prods us to drink, which ends the thirst stimulus and returns body fluid volume to the normal range

Front 125

What is the anatomical position? Why is it important that you learn this position?

Back 125

The position in which a person is standing erect with feet flightly separated and palms facing anteriorly. Knowing the anatomical position is important b/c directional terms refer to the body as if it is in this position

Front 126

The axillary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder. Where specifically is each located?

Back 126

Axillary region is the armpit. Acromial area is the tip of the shoulder

Front 127

What type of cut would separate the brain into anterial and posterior parts?

Back 127

A frontal (coronal) section would separate the brain into anterior and posterior parts

Front 128

Joe went to the emergency room where he complained of severe pains in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen. What might be his problem?

Back 128

He may have appendicitis if the pain is in the lower right quadrant of his abdomen

Front 129

Of the uterus, small intestine, spinal cord, and heart, which is/are in the dorsal body cavity?

Back 129

Of these organs, only the spinal cord is in the dorsal body cavity

Front 130

When you rub your cold hands together, the friction between them results in heat that warms your hands. Why doesn't warming friction result during movements of the heart, lungs, and digestive organs?

Back 130

As mobile organs work, friction is greatly reduced by the presence of serous fluid.