Chapter 1 The Human Body : An Orientation

Front 1

In what way does physiology depend on anatomy?

Back 1

Physiology depends on anotomy because the function will reflect the form. If physiology is good then then anotomy structure will work well (look and function)

Front 2

Would you be study in anotomy or physiology if you investigated how muscles shorten? If you explored the location of the lungs in the body?

Back 2

Investigating how the muscles shorten would be part of physiology.

Exploring the location of lungs in the body would be part of anatomy.

Front 3

What is anatomy?

Back 3

Anatomy is the body part

Front 4

What is physiology

Back 4

Physiology is how the body part function.

Front 5

How is physiology and anatomy related?

Back 5

They are complimentary branches because anatomy depends on the physiology.

Form = function

Front 6

What are the sundivisons of anatomy ?

Back 6

The subdivions on anatomy are

•gross

•microscopic anatomy

• developmental anatomy

Front 7

How many subdivision does gross anatomy contain?

Back 7

3

Front 8

What are the subdivision of gross anatomy ?

Back 8

•regional anatomy

•systemic anatomy

•surface anatomy

Front 9

What is regional anatomy?

Back 9

All the structures in a particular region of the body, like a leg or abdomen

Front 10

What is systemic anatomy?

Back 10

It is the study of system with system like the heart and the vessels.

Front 11

What is surface anatomy ?

Back 11

The study of internal structure as they relate to the overlying skin surface. Like when the nurse looks for the pulse in a vein and then draws out the blood.

Front 12

What is microscopic anatomy?

Back 12

The structure that are to small to be seen with the naked eye.

Front 13

What are the subdivision of microscopic anatomy?

Back 13

•cytology

•histology

Front 14

What is cytology?

Back 14

The study of cells

Front 15

What is histology ?

Back 15

Histology is the study of tissue

Front 16

What is developmental anatomy ?

Back 16

Developmental anatomy is the study of how the structure changes through out the life spans.

Front 17

What is embryology?

Back 17

Embryology is the study of the structure before birth.

Front 18

What is pathology anatomy ?

Back 18

Changes caused by diseases.

Front 19

What is radiology anatomy?

Back 19

The study of structure through xrays

Front 20

What is palpation?

Back 20

Palpation is like feeling the organs with your hands

Front 21

What is auscultation?

Back 21

Studying the body parts through hearing (stethoscope)

Front 22

What is the principle of complimentary structure?

Back 22

The principle of complementary stated that form depends on structure which is that anatomy depends on physiology.

So what a structure can do depends on its specific form.

Function =Structure

Front 23

Levels of structural organization

Back 23

Front 24

What are the levels of structural organization that make up the human body and explains their relationships?

Back 24

•chemical level

•cellular level

•tissue level

•organ level

•organ system level

•organismal level.

Front 25

What happens at the chemical level?

Back 25

Atoms . the smallest unit of life they form the organelles

Front 26

What happens at the cellular level.

Back 26

Cells have common functions

But they vary in sizes and shapes.

Front 27

What happens at the tissue level?

Back 27

Is when similar cells come together because they have a common function.

Front 28

How many times of basic tissue types.?

Back 28

4

Front 29

What are the 4 basic tissue types?

Back 29

•Epithelium

•muscle

•connective tissue

•nervous tissue

Front 30

What is epithelium?

Back 30

Covers the body surface and lines cavities

Front 31

What are the muscles.?

Back 31

Provides movement

Front 32

What is connective tissue?

Back 32

Supports and protects organs?

Front 33

What is nervous tissue?

Back 33

Rapid internal communication.

Front 34

The levels of Structural Organization

Back 34

Front 35

What level of structural organization is typical of a cytologists field of study?

Back 35

A cytologist would be at the cellular level of structural organization.

Front 36

What is the correct structural order for the following terms: tissue , organisms, organ , cell?

Back 36

Cell➡ tissue ➡organ➡organism

Front 37

Which organ system includes the bones and cartilage? Which includes the nasal cavity,lungs, and trachea?

Back 37

Bones and cartilage are part of the skeletal system.

The nasal, cavity,lungs and trachea are part of the respiratory system organs

Front 38

What seperates living beings from non living objects?

Back 38

Living beings are able to maintain their boundaries. Movements, responsive, digestion,metabolism,excretion,reproduction,growth. While non living can have a few but not all of them.

Front 39

What name is given to all chemical reaction that occur within body cells?

Back 39

Metabolism

Front 40

Why is it neccesary to be in a pressurized cabin when flying 30,000 ft.

Back 40

The air is thin and gas exchange may be inadequate to support cellular metabolism

Front 41

What are the functional characteristics neccesary to maintain life in humans.?

Back 41

The functional characteristics necessary to maintain life in humans.

•Maintain boundaries

•Movement

•responsiveness

•digestion

•metabolism

•excretion

•reproductive

• growth.

Front 42

What is the function of maintaining boundaries?

Back 42

Internal environments remain distinct from external environments.

-all body cells are surrounded by selectively permeable membrane.

-The body as a whole is enclosed by the integumentary system or skin

Front 43

What does the integumentary system do?

Back 43

Protect our internal organs from drying out. Bacteria. Damaging effects of heat. Sunlight. And unbelievable number of chemical in external environment.

Front 44

What does the movement function do ?

Back 44

Activities by the muscular systems. And the skeletal system the framework that the muscle pull on as they work.

•blood, foodstuff,and urine propelled through internal organs of the cardiovascular, digestive, urinary system.

Front 45

What is contractility?

Back 45

The muscle cells ability to move by shortening

Front 46

What does the responsiveness function do?

Back 46

The responsiveness function aka excitability. Is the ability to sense the changes in the environments and respond to them.

•the nervous system is most involved in responsiveness.

Front 47

What does the digestion function do?

Back 47

The digestion function breaks down the the ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Then the nutrient rich blood distributed to all body cells by the cardiovascular system.

Front 48

What does the metabolism function do ?

Back 48

Includes all the chemical reactions that occur within body cells. Breaking down substances into simple building blocks. To synthesize more complex cellular structures.

- depends on the digestive and respiratory system to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood.

-and on the cardiovascular system to distribute them through out the body.

•regulated by hormones secreted on the endocrine system glands.

Front 49

What is the excretion function do?

Back 49

Removes the wastes, removes non useful substances produce during digestion and metabolism.

•depends on the digestive system and urinary system

Front 50

Digestive system.

Back 50

Rids the body of indigesyive food

Front 51

Urinary system

Back 51

Dispose of nitrogen containing metabolic wastes . urea. And urine.

And carbon dioxide by the cellular respiration.

Front 52

What does the reproduction function do?

Back 52

Cellular organism level

• reproductive system directly responsible for offspring

•regulated by hormones on the endocrine system

Front 53

What does the growth function do?

Back 53

Increase the size of body parts or organism as a whole . increase number of cells.

Front 54

What are the survival needs of the body?

Back 54

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water

Temp

Pressure

Front 55

Why do we need nutrients?

Back 55

Contain the chemical substances used for energy and cell building

*carbohydrates are major part of energy fuel for body cells.

Front 56

Why do we need oxygen?

Back 56

20% of our air is oxygen

Respiratory and cardiovascular make oxygen available to blood and body cells.

Front 57

Why do we need water?

Back 57

50- 60 % body weight is water

-we get it form ingested food or liquids

- loose it through evaporation from the lungs and skin and body excretions.

Front 58

Why is normal body temperatures needed.?

Back 58

If it drops to less than 98. 6 metabolic reactions become slower .if its too high proteins loose their shape.

Muscular system generates most of the heat.

Front 59

Why is appropriate atmospheric pressure necessary.

Back 59

Breathing and gas changes in lungs depends on appropriate atmospheric pressure.

If your too high up the air is thinner harder to breahe

Front 60

What process allows us to adjust to either extreme heat or extreme cold.

Back 60

The negative feedback mechanism allows us to adjust o either extreme hot or extreme cold.

Front 61

When we being to get dehydrated . we usually get thirsty which causes us to drink fluids . is thirst part of the negative or a positive feedback control?

Back 61

It is part of the negative feedback mevhanish as it makes us thirsty that cause us to drink which end the thirst stimulus .

Front 62

Why is the control system shown in this figure called a positive feedback mechanism?. What event ends it?

Back 62

It is positive because it enhance the change . the event ends when the plug is formed.

Front 63

What is homeostasis

Back 63

It is the process of keeping the balance in the body so everything functions well.

Front 64

Negative feedback mechanism

Back 64

Out put shuts off the oeigal stimuli or reduces its intensity .

(Like the furnace)

All negative feedback mechanism goal is to : prevent severe changes within the body.

Front 65

Positive feedback mechanism

Back 65

Enhances original stimuli so its accelerated . proceed in the same direction as initial change.

"Cascades"

Blood clots. And birth contractions.

Front 66

Describe the relationship between homeostatic imbalance a and disease?

Back 66

When homeostasis decrease the negative feed back mechanism does too sometimes causing destructive positive feed back mechanism to take over .

Heart failure.

Happens as we age.

Front 67

Homeostatic control system

Back 67

Figure

Front 68

What is the anatomical position? Why is it important?

Back 68

The anatomical position is at attention just the palms face forward. It is important because it is regards to this position always.

Front 69

The axillary and acromial regions are both in the general area of the shoulder . where specifically is each located?

Back 69

Axillary is the armpit.

Accromial is tip of shoulder

Front 70

What type of cut would separate the brain into anterior and posterior?

Back 70

The frontal plane

Front 71

What are the regional terms?

Back 71

Axial and appendicular

Front 72

What are the axial parts

Back 72

Head

Neck

Trunk

Front 73

What are the appendicular parts.

Back 73

Are the appendages or limbs attached to the body axis

Front 74

What are the planes

Back 74

Sagittal

Frontal

Transverse planes

Front 75

What is the sagittal plane ?

Back 75

Vertical plane.

Divide into right and left

Aka as midline median plate midsagittal

Front 76

What are Frontal Planes

Back 76

It is vertical

Divide into anterior and posterior.

Aka coronal plate

Front 77

What is a transverse or horizontal plate.?

Back 77

Runs horizontal

Cuts from superior to inferior

Front 78

What are oblique sections?

Back 78

Cuts diagnolly between horizontal and vertical planes confusing so we Dont use them

Front 79

Joe went to the emergency room complaining or severenpains in the lower right quadrant of his abdome what could it be?

Back 79

It could be appendicitis

Front 80

Of the uterus , small intestines . spinal cord. And heart which one is in the dorsal cavity?

Back 80

Spinal cord is in the dorsal cavity

Front 81

When you rub your cold hands together the friction between them results in heat that warms your hands . why doesn't warming friction happen during the movement of the heart . lungs and digestive organs?

Back 81

Because the serous fluid seperates the organs so the won't create friction. Serous allows the serous membranes to glide easily over one another

Front 82

How many sets of internal cavities?

Back 82

2

Front 83

What are the internal body cavities

Back 83

Dorsal cavities

Ventral cavities

Front 84

What is Dorsal body cavity ?

Back 84

Protect the nervous systems organs

2 subdivisions

Front 85

What are the 2 subdivision of dorsal body cavities?

Back 85

Cranial cavity

Vertebral cavity

Front 86

What is a cranial cavity?

Back 86

It is skull encases brain

Front 87

What is the vertebral or spinal cavity ?

Back 87

Encloses the delicate spinal cord.

Front 88

What are mennings .

Back 88

Membrane that covers the brain and spinal.

Front 89

What is the ventral body cavities?

Back 89

It is the more anterior and larger enclosed cavities.

2 major subdivision

Front 90

What are the subdivision of ventral body cavities.

Back 90

Thoracic cavity

Abdomenopelvic cavity

Front 91

What is the thoracic cavity?

Back 91

It is superior . ribs muscles of chest.

Subdivided into lateral

Mediastinum

Pericordial cavity which enclosed the heart and thoriac organs

Front 92

What is the abdominopelvic cavity?

Back 92

Its by the diaphragm . it is dome shaped important to breathing.

It has 2 parts the abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

Front 93

What is the abdominal cavity?

Back 93

Stomach . intestines. Spleens . liver and other organs

Front 94

The pelvic cavity?

Back 94

Inferior bony pelvis. Urinary bladder reproductive organs and rectum

Front 95

The four abdominopelvic quadrants

Back 95

Front 96

The nine region deliniated by four planes

Back 96

Front 97

Nine regions showing the superficial organs.

Back 97