Chapter 1 The Human Body An Orientation

Front 1

Anatomy

Back 1

The study of structure of the body parts and their relationships to one another, it is concrete.

Front 2

Physiology

Back 2

Concerning the function of the body , how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.

Front 3

Gross or Macroscopic anatomy

Back 3

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye. ie. Heart Lungs.

Front 4

Anatomy (greek)

Back 4

to cut apart

Front 5

Regional anatomy

Back 5

all the structures bone, muscles, blood vessels nerves in a particular region of the body are examined at the same time.

Front 6

Systemic Anatomy

Back 6

Body structures are studied system by system, cardiovascular or skeletal.

Front 7

Surface Anatomy

Back 7

A subdivision of gross anatomy, that is the study of internal structure as it relates to the underlying structures. These are useful for clinicians to located appropriate blood vessels and things.

Front 8

Microscopic Anatomy

Back 8

Structures too small to see with the naked eye.

Front 9

Cytology

Back 9

the study of the cells of the body

Front 10

Histology

Back 10

The study of the tissues of the body

Front 11

Developmental Anatomy

Back 11

Traces structural changes that occure in the body throughout the life span.

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Embryology

Back 12

A subdivision of developmental anatomy that is, concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.

Front 13

Pathological anatomy

Back 13

Studies structural changes caused by disease.

Front 14

Radiographic anatomy

Back 14

Studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

Front 15

Molecular biology

Back 15

the structures of biological molecules are investigated.

Front 16

Palpation

Back 16

feeling organs with your hands

Front 17

Auscultation

Back 17

Listening with a stethoscope.

Front 18

Tissues

Back 18

The 4 basic tissues of the body are epithelial, connective, muscular, and nervous.

Front 19

Organ

Back 19

is a discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types, four is more common.

Front 20

Organ, organ system and organism

Back 20

The organ allows for extremely complex functions. Organ systems are organs that work together. and organism is the sum total of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.

Front 21

Maintaining Boundaries

Back 21

The internal environment remains isolated and distinct from the external environment.

Front 22

Movement

Back 22

The activities promoted by the muscular system. of blood movement of food movement. The cells ability to shorten is called contractility.

Front 23

Responsiveness

Back 23

or excitability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them. like cutting your hand and the withdrawal reflex.

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Digestion

Back 24

the breaking down of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.

Front 25

Metabolism

Back 25

is the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur withing the body cells.

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Excretion

Back 26

the removal of waste

Front 27

Reproduction

Back 27

Occurs at both the cellular an organismal level. producing offspring

Front 28

Growth

Back 28

increase in size of a body part of the organism as a whole.

Front 29

Nutrients

Back 29

Chemical substances taken in via the diet, used for cell building and energy.

Front 30

Oxygen

Back 30

oxidative reactions that release energy require O2

Front 31

Water

Back 31

Accounts for 60-80% of our body weight and is the single most abundant chemical substance in the body. It provides the watery environment necessary for chemical reactions and the fluid base for body secretions and excretions.

Front 32

Normal Body Temperature

Back 32

for chemical reactions to be maintained at a life sustaining rate, normal body temperature must be maintained. metabolic reactions stop at low body temperatures. At high temperatures proteins denature and lose their activity. the activities of the muscle systems generate most body heat.

Front 33

Appropriate Atmospheric Pressure

Back 33

the force the air exerts on the surface of the body. Breathing and gas exchange in the lungs depend on appropriate atmospheric pressure. At high altitudes gas exchanges is inadequate

Front 34

Homeostasis

Back 34

Coined by Walter Cannon, an american physiologist. the ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.

Literally translates into unchanging.

Although it is a dynamic state of equlibrium. internal states vary within normal limits.

Front 35

three components of homeostasis

Back 35

The receptor, that senses or monitors the environment and responds to stimuli

The control center, determines the set point and analyzes the impute from the receptor.

The effector provides the means for the control centers response.

Front 36

Negative feedback

Back 36

The response is negative to the initiating stimulus. shutting of the original effect of the stimulus or reducing it.

Front 37

Positive feedback

Back 37

The result or response enhances the original stimulus. Child birth, clotting, Action potentials, ovulation.

Front 38

Homeostatic imbalance

Back 38

most diseases can be regarded as a disturbance in homeostasis.

Front 39

Superior (cranial)

Back 39

Toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body above.

Front 40

Inferior

Back 40

Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, below

Front 41

Ventral (anterior)

Back 41

Toward of at the front of the body, in front of

Front 42

Dorsal (posterior)

Back 42

toward or at the back of the body, behind.

Front 43

Medial

Back 43

toward or at ht midline of the body on the outer side of

Front 44

Lateral

Back 44

away from the midline of the body, on the inner side of

Front 45

intermediate

Back 45

between a more medial and a more lateral structure.

Front 46

Proximal

Back 46

closer to the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Front 47

Distal

Back 47

Farther from the origin of the body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk.

Front 48

Superficial (external)

Back 48

toward or at the body surface

Front 49

Deep (internal)

Back 49

Away from the body surface; More internal

Front 50

Regional terms used to designate specific body areas.

Back 50

Front 51

Axial Part

Back 51

Makes up the main axis of our body, including head neck and trunk

Front 52

Appendicular part

Back 52

consists of the appendages, or limbs

Front 53

Sagittal Plane

Back 53

a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts. All sagittal planes that offset from the midline are parasagittal planes.

Front 54

Median Plane or Midsagittal plane

Back 54

A sagittal plane that lies exactly in the midline.

Front 55

Frontal Plane

Back 55

divide the body into anterior and posterior parts. also called a coronal plane.

Front 56

Transverse or horizontal planes

Back 56

Run horizontal from right to left dividing the body into superior and inferiror parts, and is also called a cross section.

Front 57

oblique section

Back 57

diagonal cuts made between the horizontal and verticle planes.

Front 58

Dorsal Body Cavity

Back 58

Contains the skull (crainal cavity) and the spinal cavity

Front 59

Ventral body Cavity

Back 59

The more anterior and larger of the closed body cavities. Composed of the Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity.

Front 60

The Thoracic Cavity

Back 60

the superior subdivision of the dorsal body cavity. is surrounded by the ribs and muscles of the chest. The thoracic cavity is divided into lateral pleural cavities each enveloping a lung and the medial mediastinum, that contains the pericardial cavity. which encloses the heart and it also surrounds the remaining thoracic organs. (esophagus, trachea, and others)

Front 61

Abdominopelvic cavity

Back 61

A subsection of the ventral body cavity, seperated from the thoracic cavity by the diaphram. a dome-shaped muscle. The supperior portion is the abdominal cavity. containing the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver and other organs. The inferior part, the pelvic cavity, lies in the bony pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, some reproductive organs and the rectum. these two cavities are not aligned with eachother.

Front 62

Dorsal and ventral body cavities and their subdivisions.

Back 62

Front 63

X-Rays

Back 63

Basically a negative image, X rays are absorbed by hard dense materials. The film behinds these gets less exposure producing light sections, fat and air provides little resistance thus these sections show up as black from over exposure. Dense structures like tumors and tuberculosis are imaged most easily with xrays.

Front 64

Computed tomography (CT, formally a CAT scan)

Back 64

An xray machine in a tunnel that can spin all around the patient. this produces slices through the body about the width of a dime. The computer compiles the data. Used for evaluating most problems in the brain and abdomen. and with their clarity there is almost no need for exploritory surgery.

Front 65

Xenon CT

Back 65

A CT with xenon gas that allows the quick tracing of blood flow, inhaling the gas delivers it to the blood and blood flow can be checked, especially in the brain, if there is no sign of xenon, this usually indicates pour blood profussion and may indicate a stroke.

Front 66

Dynamic Spatial Reconstruction (DSR)

Back 66

Uses ultrafast CT scanners to provide 3D images of body organs from any angle. It also allows for monitoring of changes in size of the organ in slow motion, normal speed or at a specific moment. Great for visuallizing the heart beating and blood flow through blood vessels. this allows for the evaluation of blockages or the results of artery bypass grafts.

Front 67

Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)

Back 67

uses xrays to provide a picture of small arteries. Images are taken before and after a contrast dye is added and the computer subracts the similarities so only the artery is seen. These are used to visualized the heart and brain.

Front 68

Positron emission Tomography (PET)

Back 68

the PET excells in visuallizing metabolic activity. The patient is giving radioactive glucose and positioned in the scanner. As the radioisotopes are absorbed by the most active brain cells High energy gamma rays are produced. These gama rays are detected and a picture of the brain in live action color pictures. This has been used to diagnose people affeced by mental illness, stroke alzheimers disease and epliepsy.

or to show what parts of the brain are used during specific tasks.

Front 69

Sonography, or ultrasound.

Back 69

this is cheaper and safer than most ionizing forms of imaging. Sound waves are shot into tissues and their echos are recovered. the handpeice emits and detects the echos, and thus different planes can be easily examined.

Front 70

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Back 70

produces high contrasting images of soft tissue, something that xrays can not do. the body is surrounded by a magnetic field that is 60,000 times greater than the on produced by the earth. These magnetic fiels cause the hydrogen atoms in the body to act like magnets themselves. As radio waves are directed into the mix the energy released is transmitted into an image. Body tissues are distinguished based on water content so fatty white matter and watery gray matter of the brain can be distinguished. Delicate nerve fibers can also be seen. good at detecting tumors and degernerative diseases like MS.

Magnetic gas in the lungs can be used to diagnose asthma.

Front 71

Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Back 71

Map other elements besides hydrogen, allowing the observer to track how disease alters body chemistry.

Front 72

Functional MRI

Back 72

Tracks blood flow in the brain in real time. MRIs do not require dies and can pinpoint much smaller brain areas then PET scans.

Front 73

Serosa or serous membranes

Back 73

The walls of the ventral cavity contain a layer of thin double layered membranes. The membrane lining the cavity wall is called the parietal serosa, and then folds in on itself covering organs in the viceral serosa. The membranes are seperated from eachother by a serous fluid which is secreated by both membranes which lubricates the two.

Front 74

Serous membranes of the body

Back 74

Pariatal pericardium lines the pericardial cavity and folds back on the visceral pericardium, which covers the heart. Likewise the parital plerurae line the walls of the thoracic cavity. the viceral pleurae cover the lungs. Parietal peritoneum is associated with the walls of the abdominaopelvic cavity while the viceral peritoneum covers most of the organs within that cavity.

Front 75

Pleurisy

Back 75

inflamation of the pleurae, or peritonitis, inflamation of the peritoneum.

Front 76

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Back 76

Front 77

Abdominopelvic regions

Back 77

Front 78

Oral and digestive cavities

Back 78

mouth contains the teeth and tongue and is continuous with the cavity of the digestive organs an open to the body exterior at the anus.

Front 79

Nasal Cavity

Back 79

located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity is part of the respirtory system passageways.

Front 80

orbital cavities

Back 80

in the skull and house the eyes and present them in an anterior position

Front 81

Middle ear cavities

Back 81

medial to the eardrum, contain the tine bones that transmit sound vibrations to the hearing receptors

Front 82

synovial cavities.

Back 82

Joint cavities, enclosed with fibrous capsules that surround freely moving joints of the body. these secreate synovial fluid to lubricate the joints. and reduce friction.