Ccthe Endocrine System

Front 1

What is the function of the endocrine system

Back 1

Helps regulate growth, reproduction,works with the Nervous system to maintain homeostasis

Front 2

What are hormones?

Back 2

Chemical messengers that help regulate body activities. Hormones regulate metabolism, growth & sexual development.

Front 3

Hormone secretion is regulated by which systems?

Back 3

Negative feedback system, neuroendocrine regulation & biological fluid

Front 4

Define endocrine glands

Back 4

Have no ducts, releases hormones into surrounding interstitial (tissue) fluid or into blood

Front 5

List the endocrine glands and its function

Back 5

Pineal gland- sleep patterns

Thyroid gland- metabolism

Parathyroid gland- calcium levels

Thymus- immunity

Adrenal gland- stress levels

Pancreas- (largest gland)- production & secretion of different types of hormones & digestive juices

Reproduction glands- reproduction

Front 6

What are the 2 types of hormones within the endocrine system

Back 6

One composed of protein

The other one composed of steroid

Front 7

What is function of hormones

Back 7

Maintain homeostasis

Prepare the body for emergency situation

Participate in body’s development

Regulates reproductive system

Front 8

What is the study of endocrine system

Back 8

Endocrinology

Front 9

What are the neurons that are important links between the nervous system & endocrine systems

Back 9

Neuroendocrine cells

Front 10

Which are the specific cells on which hormones act

Back 10

Target cells

Front 11

What cells are produced by neuroendocrine cells; transported down axons and released into interstitial fluid

Back 11

Neurohormones

Front 12

Group of closely related lipids that interact with other hormones To regulate various metabolic activities

Back 12

Prostaglandins

Front 13

What is the function of the hypothalamus

Back 13

Links the nervous and endocrine systems directly or indirectly the hypothalamus regulates most endocrine activity

Front 14

What is the hypothalamus

Back 14

Region of the brain that controls immense bodily functions. located in the middle of the base of the brain and encapsulates the ventral portion of the third ventricle

Front 15

Name hormones produced by the hypothalamus

Back 15

Thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH)

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH)

Corticotropin- releasing hormone (CRH)

Somatostatin- releasing hormone (SS; also GHIH, growth factor-inhibiting hormone)

Dopamine- (DA)

Front 16

Describe the pituitary gland (hypophysis)

Back 16

Master gland of the body is roundish Organ that lies immediately beneath the hypothalamus in an adult human is roughly the size and shape of a chickpea

Front 17

Describe it 2 distinctive parts of a pituitary gland

Back 17

Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)- secretes hormones

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) - extension of the hypothalamus that forms the pituitary gland

Front 18

What are the hormones produced by the pituitary gland

Back 18

Anterior pituitary lobe- growth hormone, prolactin, ACTH corticotropic, TSH thyrotropin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH, gonadotropin), Luteinizing hormone LH, gonadotropin.
Posterior pituitary lobe- oxytocin & antidiuretic hormone ( arginine vasopressin AVP, ADH)

Front 19

How does the growth hormone works

Back 19

Major target organ: liver, adipose tissue

Promotes growth indirectly controls of protein, lipid, carnohydrate metabolism

Front 20

Function of Thyroid hormone

Back 20

Major target organ- thyroid gland

Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

Front 21

Function of Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Back 21

Major Target Organ- adrenal gland (cortex)

Stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids

Front 22

Function of prolactin hormone

Back 22

Major target organ Mammary gland

Milk production

Front 23

Function of follicle stimulating hormone

Back 23

Major target organ- ovary & testis

Control reproductive function

Front 24

Function of antidiuretic hormone

Back 24

Major target organ- kidney

Conversation of body water

Front 25

Define Thymus gland

Back 25

Produces thymosin hormone plays a role in immune responses

Front 26

What are adrenal glands and what do they produce

Back 26

Paired glands; small yellow masses of tissue located above kidneys, and have 2 distinct regions; adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex

Front 27

What are the 3 hormones produced by the Thyroid gland

Back 27

Triiodothyronine(T3)- potent form of thyroid hormone

Thyroxine (T4)- a less active form of thyroid hormone

Calcitonin- control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis effects on bone physiology.

Front 28

Effects of epinephrine & norepinephrine

Back 28

*Increases heart rate & contraction of heart muscle

*constriction of blood vessels

*Dilation of bronchioles

*Stimulate lipolysis in fat cells (for energy)

*increased metabolic rate

*Dilation of pupils

*Inhibit non-essential processes (digestion)

Front 29

Function of the pineal gland

Back 29

Responsible for the production of circadian rhythms-the sleep cycle. Also produces melatonin

Front 30

What are 3 fundamental physiological processes affected by the thyroid gland

Back 30

Cellular differentiation

Growth

Metabolism

Front 31

What is hypothyroidism

Back 31

Triiodothyronine(T3)- potent form of thyroid hormone

Thyroxine (T4)- a less active form of thyroid hormone

Calcitonin- control of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis effects on bone physiology.

Front 32

Explain the effects of thyroid gland

Back 32

On bone- calcitonin suppresses reabsorption of bone by inhibiting removal of calcium from bone.

Effects on kidney- calcium & phosphorus are prevented from being lost in urine. Calcitonin inhibits tubular reabsorption of these 2 ions leading to increased rates of their loss in urine.

Front 33

What is hypothyroidism

Back 33

Disease state caused by insufficient production of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland.

Front 34

Mention symptoms of hypothyroidism

Back 34

Weight gain, slow metabolism, fatigue, increased sensitivity to hot and cold, Paleness & depression

Front 35

Explain hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)

Back 35

Syndrome caused by excess of circulating free thyroxine (T4) or free triiodothyronine (T3) or both

Front 36

Features in humans with hyperthyroidism

Back 36

Weight loss, fatigue, weakness hyperactivity, irritability, apathy depression, polyuria & sweating

Front 37

Define parathyroid gland

Back 37

There are 4 parathyroid glands in bedded in connective Tissue of thyroid gland Controls of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis as well as bone physiology

Major target cells bones & kidneys

Front 38

Explain Adrenal Cortex

Back 38

Secretes steroid hormones that help the body cope with stress and balance Na+& K+ levels

Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Sex hormones

Front 39

What is the difference between mineralocorticoids & glucocorticoids

Back 39

Mineralocorticoids help regulate water & salt balance and glucocorticoids help body cope with stress; promote glucose production; reduce inflammation

Front 40

Explain the sex hormones

Back 40

Present in both sexes; the adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of both androgens & estrogens. Important as a woman reached menopause

Front 41

Describe the pancreas

Back 41

Located in the abdomen posterior to the stomach, contains over 1M scartered clusters of cells called islets of langerhans

Front 42

Name if the main glucocorticoid; also called hydrocortisone

Back 42

Cortisol

Front 43

What are the 3 products of the islets of langerhans

Back 43

Alpha cells (A cells) produce glucagon

Beta cells (cells B) produce insulin

Delta cells (cells D) produce somastostatin

Front 44

What is the difference between glucagon, insulin & somastostatin

Back 44

Insulin- lower concentration of glucose in the blood, stimulates tissues, inhibits cells from releasing glucose

Glaucagon- raises the blood glucose level. Stimulates liver cells to confer glycogen to glucose. Opposite to insulin

Somastostatin- inhibits secretion of growth hormone from pituitary gland, treats neoplasms, gigantism acromegaly due to its ability to inhibit growth hormone secretion.

Front 45

Function of the ovaries

Back 45

Produce 2 hormones: estrogen & progesterone responsible for the stimulation & preparation of the uterus in pregnancy.

Front 46

Explain gonadotropin

Back 46

Regulates the activities of the gonads (ovaries & testes) , pregnancy tests are based on detecting gonadotropin (HCG)

Front 47

What is the difference between Hypo secretion and Hyper secretion

Back 47

Hypo secretion- under activity of glands resulting in dimished secretion

Hyper secretion- over activity of glands resulting in excessive secretion

Front 48

Define gland

Back 48

A cell, tissue or organ that discharges a substance used by or eliminated from the body. Classified by shape, such as tubular or saccular or saclike.

Front 49

Explain feedback mechanisms

Back 49

A cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is continuously monitored, evaluated, changed re- monitored.