Endocrine System A&p

Front 1

Where does an endocrine gland secrete its product?

Back 1

directly into interstitial fluid for diffusion into the bloodstream

Front 2

What is the definition of a hormone?

Back 2

A secretion of endocrine cells that alters the activity of target cells of the body

Front 3

What do hormones bind to?

Back 3

a specific protein or glycoprotein receptor

Front 4

What are the parts of the anterior pituitary?

Back 4

pars distalis, pars tuberalis

Front 5

What hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Back 5

HGH, TSH, FSH, LH, PRL, ACTH

Front 6

What hormones does the posterior pituitary secrete? Where are these made? How many of these cells are there?

Back 6

ADH, oxytocin.
In the neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus which are found in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
there are 10,000 of these cells

Front 7

What are the parts of the posterior pituitary?

Back 7

pars nervosa
ACTH

Front 8

How do ADH and oxytocin get into the posterior pituitary?

Back 8

packed into vesicles, axonal transported, nerve impulse triggers exocytosis

Front 9

What feeds the superior hypophyseal artery?

Back 9

The internal carotid artery

Front 10

How does the hypothalamus control and anterior pituitary?

Back 10

releasing and inhibiting hormones which find their way into the anterior pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system

Front 11

What are the three types of hypophyseal inhibiting hormones?

Back 11

thyrothrops, gonadotrophs, corticotrophs

Front 12

What is the sequence of events which results in the formation of IGFs?

Back 12

GHRH-->HGH-->liver, bones, muscles, cartilage--> IGFs

Front 13

What sequence results in the production of T3 and T4?

Back 13

TRH-->TSH-->thyroid-->T3, T4

Front 14

What sequence results in estrogen or testosterone?

Back 14

GNRH-->LH-->ovaries or testes-->estrogen or testosterone

Front 15

What sequence results in ovulation or spermatogenesis?

Back 15

GNRH-->FSH-->ovaries or testes-->ovulation or spermatogenesis

Front 16

Which hormones result in production of breast milk?

Back 16

PRH-->PRL

Front 17

What is MSH and where is it produced?

Back 17

Melatocyte stimulating hormone, produced in hypothalamus and acts on cells in the pineal gland

Front 18

What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by?

Back 18

an isthmus

Front 19

How many thyroid lobes are there? What are the lobes made up of? What kind of cells are contained therein? What do they produce?

Back 19

2. (1/2 people have third lobe)
thyroid follicles
follicular cells
T3, T4

Front 20

What do thyroid parafollicular cells produce and where in the thyroid are they found?

Back 20

calcitonin
between follicles

Front 21

What are the functions of T3 and T4?

Back 21

increase basal metabolic rate
accelerate body growth

Front 22

Which element is required for the production of T3 and T4?

Back 22

iodine

Front 23

What causes increased release of T3, T4?

Back 23

decreased metabolic rate
decreased levels of T3, T4

Front 24

What is effect of calcitonin?

Back 24

inhibits osteoclasts, which decreases calcium resorption from bones, which decreases blood calcium levels

Front 25

Which gland stores 100 days of its own product?

Back 25

thyroid

Front 26

How many parathyroid glands normally?

Back 26

4

Front 27

When is PTH released?

Back 27

when blood Ca levels are low

Front 28

What is the effect of PTH?

Back 28

encourages osteoclasts, which increases bone resorption (and calcium resorption), which increases blood Ca levels
also increases digestive absorption of Ca and promotes formation of calcitrol

Front 29

What is the other job of the parathyroid glands aside from the production and release of PTH?

Back 29

production of calcitrol, active form of vitamin D

Front 30

How many axon terminals in the posterior pituitary (hint: it's the same as the number of neurosecretory cells)

Back 30

10,000

Front 31

What stimulates the release of ADH?

Back 31

low blood pressure (volume)

Front 32

What are the effects of ADH and on which organs?

Back 32

kidneys - increased reabsorption
skin - decreased sweat gland secretion
arterioles - increases BP

Front 33

What are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex (outer to inner)

Back 33

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Front 34

What does the zona glomerulosa produce?

Back 34

mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

Front 35

What is the effect of aldosterone?

Back 35

increases K in urine, decreases Na in urine, increases BP, regulates mineral homeostasis

Front 36

What is the RAAS?

Back 36

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Front 37

Describe the RAAS

Back 37

blood volume and BP are down
renin is released from the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidneys
renin converts angiotensinogen (produced in liver) to angiotensin I
angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by the ACE-->angiotensin II causes arteriole constriction
angiotensin II causes release of aldosterone, which decreases the secretion of Na into urine and increases blood volume and BP

Front 38

What does the zona fasciculata produce?

Back 38

glucocorticoids (95% cortisol)

Front 39

What triggers the release of ACTH?

Back 39

stress

Front 40

What are the 6 effects of glucocorticoids?

Back 40

protein breakdown
glucose formation
lipolysis
stress resistance
anti-inflammatory

Front 41

What is produced in the zona reticularis?

Back 41

Androgens (dehydropiandrosterone)

Front 42

What is the purpose of dehydropiandrosterone?

Back 42

source of estrogen after menopause
female sex drive
little effect in males

Front 43

What is produced in the adrenal medulla? Which types of cells do the actual production?

Back 43

catecholamines - epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine
chromaffin cells

Front 44

What do catecholamines enhance?

Back 44

The sympathetic response of the ANS

Front 45

What hormones does the pancreas produce and from which cells?

Back 45

alpha - glucagon
beta - insulin
delta - somatostatin
f cells - pancreatic polypeptide

Front 46

What does somatostatin do?

Back 46

inhibits glucagon, slows digestion absorption

Front 47

What does pancreatic polypeptide do?

Back 47

inhibits somatostatin, gallbladder contraction, secretion of digestive enzymes

Front 48

what does melatonin do?

Back 48

sets body's biological clock

Front 49

Where is the thymus? What does it produce?

Back 49

Above the heart
thymopoeitin, thymic factor, thymic humoral factor, thymosin

Front 50

What does the thymus do?

Back 50

assists in maturation of Tcells

Front 51

Where is CCK produced? What does it do?

Back 51

small intestine
helps to digest fat and protein

Front 52

What is erythropoeitin and where is it produced?

Back 52

kidneys
increased RBC production

Front 53

What hormones for the testes release?

Back 53

testosterone, inhibin