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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define nervous system |
Is a complex highly organized network of billions of neurons & even more neuroglia |
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What are neurons |
Highly specialized cells that conduct electrical impulses & are excited to produce them irritability. Typical neurons show a large cell body large central nucleus and many cytoplasmic extensions, which there are 2 types dendrite & axons |
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Define the components of a neuron |
Axon- long extension of a neeve cell takes information away from cell body Dendrites- bring information to the cell body Myelin- coats & insulates the axon, manufactured by Schwann’s cells & consists of 70-80% lipids & 20-30% protein Cell body- contains the neurons nucleus, dendrites branch from here & receive messages |
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What are the 3 main states of neurons |
Polarized, Depolarized & Repolarized |
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Define Polarization |
Resting state with an overall negative charge inside the cell (K+) (Cl-). Outside the neuron is more positively charged (Na+) the cell is waiting to get excited. |
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Define Depolarization |
Reduction of voltage across plasma membrane expressed as a change towards less negative (more positive) voltage on the interior surface of plasma membrane. Neurotransmitter activates cell membrane & positive Na+ ions rush into the cell making the inside of the neuron positive |
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Define Repolarization |
This is the restoration of a resting membrane potential after depolarization. Positive charges escape, Na+ Is transported back outside the cell K+ enters back into the cell and the cell is in a resting state |
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What are supportive cells |
Found in conjunction with neurons. Assists the neuron with its functioning. Supportive cells in the CNS they’re called neuroglia if they are in the PNS they’re known as Schwann cells |
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What are the 2 main divisions of the Nervous System |
CNS (central nervous system) consists of brain & spinal cord PNS (peripheral nervous system) consists of somatic & autonomic systems |
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Explain the somatic division |
Voluntary, deals with changes in external environment carries information to the CNS from the senses & from the CNS to the skeletal muscles Responsible for sending & relying signals which we can consciously control to achieve an effect e.g contract your biceps when you choose to |
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Explain autonomic division |
Involuntary, deals with changes in the internal environment, carries information from the CNS to the smooth muscles & glands Functions below conscious awareness to control the smooth muscle of the viscera, glands, cardiac muscle etc. |
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What are the 2 types of autonomic system that can be further be divided into |
Sympathetic System- arouses the body, fight or flight Parasympathetic system- calms the body, rest & Digest |
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What is the difference between CNS & PNS |
PNS serves to gather signals from all parts of the body & send them to the CNS & also return signals from the CNS to the body. CNS serves to integrate & relay these signals for passage through the PNS to the appropriate targets in the body. |
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What are the difference between efferent & afferent neurons |
Efferent neurons are motor nerves that transmit information to the CNS to structures that must respond Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that transmit messages from receptors to CNS |
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Functions of the Nervous System |
*Sensing various smells *Producing speech *Remembering *Providing signals to control body movements *Regulating the operation of internal organs |
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Define Cerebral Cortex |
Is the thin outer layer of the cerebrum(brain) the right & left sides are connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called corpus callosum. Cerebral cortex is responsible for thought, voluntary movement, language, reasoning & perception. |
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What is Cerebellum |
Located behind the brain stem the cerebellum is responsible for movement, balance & posture |
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Define Hypothalamus |
Located at the base of the brain, its only about the size of a pea but is responsible for body temperature, emotions, hunger, thirst & circadian rhythms |
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Function of the Thalamus |
Receives sensory information & relays it to the cerebral cortex its responsible for precessing & movement |
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Define Limbic System |
This area of the brain is responsible for controlling the emotional response to a given situation emotions. |
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Function of the hippocampus |
Important for memory & learning |
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Define Basal Ganglia |
Group of structures important for coordinating movement |
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What is the Broca’s area |
Located in the left frontal lobe directa the formation of words |
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Define brainstem |
Area of the brain between the thalamus & spinal cord consists of midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
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Define medulla oblongata |
Relay station for the crossing of motor tracts between the spinal cord & the brain it contains the respiratory, vasomotor & cardiac centres as well as many mechanisms for controlling reflex activities such as coughing,gagging, swallowing & vomiting |
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Define midbrain |
Serves as the nerve pathway of the cerebral hemispheres contains auditory & visual reflex centre |
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Define Pons |
Bridge like structure which links different parts of the brain and serves as a relay station from the medulla to the higher cortical structures of the brain it contains the respiratory centre |
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List the main divisions of the brain |
Medulla, pons, midbrain, diencephalon, cerebellum, cerebrum |
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Difference between Fissures & Sulci |
Fissures are deep grooves that separate convolution & Sulci are shallow grooves. |
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What are convolutions |
Gyri; rounded elavations of the cerebrum |
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Define the 2 categories of pain |
Acute- short term, lasting from a few secs to a few hours or a few days to few weeks. Warning sign alerts from possible injury. May be relieved without medical treatment as pain (headaches) eventually fade, Chronic pain- pain which occurs on most days and lasts from 3 months to many years. Continuous & recurrent associated with chronic diseases as a symptom |
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What are meninges |
Thin coverings that cover the brain & spinal cord for protection |
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True or false, sympathetic nerves are responsible for normal blood pressure |
False |
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What are the 2 main transmitters of the sympathetic system |
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine |
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Explain pain intensitytypes |
Depends on the type of stimulus that caused it, but also on the subjective perception of the pain there are different classifications of pain: The stimulus that caused the pain The pain’s duration The features of the pain (intensity, location, etc) |
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Describe the types of pain |
Gnawing pain- continuous with constant intensity & generally worsens with movement Throbbing pain- typical of migraine pain caused by dilation & constriction of the cerebral blood vessels Stabbing pain- intense & severe caused by me mechanical stimuli Burning pain- constant burning feeling e.g. heartburn Pressing pain- caused by constriction of the blood vessels or muscles |
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Types of stimuli which causes pain |
Mehanical, thermal, chemical |
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What are Nocireceptors |
Type of nerve whose function is to detect injury & transmit information to the brain in the form of a pain sensation found in every tissue of the body |
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Describe the types of pain |
Gnawing pain- continuous with constant intensity & generally worsens with movement Throbbing pain- typical of migraine pain caused by dilation & constriction of the cerebral blood vessels Stabbing pain- intense & severe caused by me mechanical stimuli Burning pain- constant burning feeling e.g. heartburn Pressing pain- caused by constriction of the blood vessels or muscles |
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Types of stimuli which causes pain |
Mehanical, thermal, chemical |
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What are Nocireceptors |
Type of nerve whose function is to detect injury & transmit information to the brain in the form of a pain sensation found in every tissue of the body |
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Explain Multiple Sclerosis |
MS is an auto-immune disease of the CNS, inflammation of nervous tissue causes the loss of myelin, a fatty material which acts as supportive insulation for the nerve fibers in the brain & spinal cord. Treatment: prednisone, betaseron, lioresal, copaxone |
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Describe the types of pain |
Gnawing pain- continuous with constant intensity & generally worsens with movement Throbbing pain- typical of migraine pain caused by dilation & constriction of the cerebral blood vessels Stabbing pain- intense & severe caused by me mechanical stimuli Burning pain- constant burning feeling e.g. heartburn Pressing pain- caused by constriction of the blood vessels or muscles |
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Types of stimuli which causes pain |
Mehanical, thermal, chemical |
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What are Nociceptors |
Type of nerve whose function is to detect injury & transmit information to the brain in the form of a pain sensation found in every tissue of the body |
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Explain Multiple Sclerosis |
MS is an auto-immune disease of the CNS, inflammation of nervous tissue causes the loss of myelin, a fatty material which acts as supportive insulation for the nerve fibers in the brain & spinal cord. Treatment: prednisone, betaseron, lioresal, copaxone |
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Symptoms of MS |
Visual disturbances Extreme fatigue Balance & coordination problems Stiffness of muscles (spasticity) Weakness Altered sensations Speech & swallowing problems |
