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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the elements of the Enterprise Analysis task Define Business Need (5.1)? |
- Business Goals and Objectives - Business Problem or Opportunity - Desired Outcome |
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What are the factors that could be considered when defining a business need?
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- Negative impacts to organization - Benefits expected from addressing the problem or opportunity - Timeframe for solving - Root cause |
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What are the elements of the Enterprise Analysis task Assess Capability Gaps (5.2)?
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.1 - Current Capability Analysis .2 - Assessment of New Capability Requirements .3 - Assumptions |
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What are the enterprise architecture frameworks?
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- Zachman Framework - POLDAT Framework - TOGAF Framework |
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What types of capabilities could be analyzed during Current Capability Analysis?
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- Business Processes - Work tasks performed - Events that must be responded to - Products and service provided - Goals that a solution could support - Software application features and functions
BABOK Figure 5.10 |
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What are the elements of the Enterprise Analysis task Determine Solution Approach (5.3)?
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.1 - Alternative Generation .2 - Assumptions and Constraints .3 - Ranking and Selection of Approaches |
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What are the areas of study for assessing and ranking solution approaches?
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- Operational - Economic - Technical - Scheduling - Organizational - Cultural - Legal - Marketing
BABOK Figure 5.14 |
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What are the elements of the Enterprise Analysis task Define Solution Scope (5.4)?
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.1 - Solution Scope Definition .2 - Implementation Approach .3 - Dependencies |
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What are the items that should be included in a “scope statement”?
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- Major features and functions - Interactions - Project boundaries |
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What should the implementation approach specify?
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The implementation approach should specify the features and functions, and the timing of implementing them.
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What are the components of a problem statement?
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The components of a problem statement include:
- Define the problem/situation - Indicate who is affected - Identify the impact - Benefits of solving the problem |
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What are the elements of the Enterprise Analysis task 5.5, Define Business Case?
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.1 - Benefits .2 - Costs .3 - Risk Assessment .4 - Results Measurement
Mnemonic: BCRMP |
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When evaluating benefits as a part of preparing a business case, what types of benefits may be defined, and which is preferred?
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Qualitative and quantitative benefits can be defined and measure, however, quantitative is preferable for objective assessment against costs.
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Which types of expenses should estimates be included for in a business case?
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- Developing a solution - Implementing the solution - Opportunity costs of not pursuing other -projects - Costs of the impacts to workflow - Consequential cost to other stakeholders - Total cost of ownership due to ongoing maintenance of solution |
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What risks should be considered in a business case?
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- Solution Feasibility Risks - Technical Risks - Financial Risks - Organizational Risks |
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What are the elements in the technique of Decision Analysis?
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- Outcomes (Financial/Non-financial) - UncertaintyTradeoffs |
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What are the types of financial outcomes in Decision Analysis?
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- Discounted Cash Flow - Net Present Value - Internal Rate of Return - Average Rate of Return - Pay Back Period - Cost-Benefit Analysis |
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What are some reasons for uncertainty in Decision Analysis?
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- Lack of information - Dependencies out of our control |
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What are the elements when using the technique “Metrics and KPIs” (9.16)?
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.1 - Indicators .2 - Metrics .3 - Structure .4 - Reporting |
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What are the elements when using the technique “Root Cause Analysis”? (9.25)
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.1 - Fishbone Diagram (cause/effect) .2 - Five Whys |
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What is “SWOT Analysis”?
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SWOT Analysis is a strategic planning tool to explore the current state of an organization by evaluating strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. |
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What are the four quadrants used in a SWOT Analysis?
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- Strengths - Weaknesses - Opportunities - Threats |
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What are the two general categories of BA Approaches to consider when planning the BA approach (BPM Task 2.1)?
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- Plan-driven - Change-driven |
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What are the elements of Planning the BA Approach (BPM Task 2.1)?
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.1 - Timing of the BA Work .2 - Formality and level of detail of BA Deliverables .3 - Requirements Prioritization .4 - Change Management .5 - BA Planning Process .6 - Communication with Stakeholders .7 - Requirements Analysis & Mgmt Tools .8 - Project Complexity |
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What are the elements of Conducting Stakeholder Analysis (BPM Task 2.2)?
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- Stakeholder identification - Complexity of Stakeholder Group - Attitude and influence - Authority Levels for BA Work |
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What factors need to be considered when evaluating stakeholder complexity?
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- Number and variety of end users - Number of interfacing business processes and automated systems |
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What factors need to be considered when evaluating stakeholder attitudes as a part of Stakeholder Analysis (BPM Task 2.2)?
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- Business goals, objective, and solution approaches - Business Analysis - Collaboration - Sponsor - Team Members |
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What factors should be considered regarding stakeholder influence during Stakeholder Analysis (BPM Task 2.2)?
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- The project - The organization - The good of the project - Other stakeholders |
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What authority levels might stakeholders hold in regards to business analysis work?
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- Approve BA Deliverables - Inspect & approve requirements - Request and approve changes - Approve processes involving requirements - Review & approve the traceability structure to be used - Veto proposed requirements or solutions |
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What are the elements of the task “Prepare for Elicitation” EA Task 3.1?
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- Clarify objectives & desired results - Gather support materials - Schedule all resources (including people, facilities, and equipment) - Notify appropriate parties of schedule |
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What are the elements of the task “Conduct Elicitation” EA Task 3.2?
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- Tracing Requirements - Capturing Requirements Attributes - Metrics |
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What are the elements/document types of the task “Document Elicitation Results” EA Task 3.3?
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- Written Documents - Visual or audio recordings of elicitation events - Whiteboards (tangible or virtual) |
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What are the elements of Requirements Analysis task “Prioritize Requirements” (6.1)?
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- Basis for prioritization - Challenges |
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What are the criteria for Requirements Prioritization (RA task 6.1)?
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- Business Value - Business or technical risk - Implementation difficulty - Likelihood of success - Regulatory or Policy Compliance - Relationship to other requirements - Stakeholder agreement |
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What are the two possible challenges when facilitating requirements prioritization?
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- Non-negotiable demands - Unrealistic tradeoffs |
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What are the two elements of the Requirements Analysis task “Organize Requirements” (6.2)?
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- Levels of Abstraction - Model Selection |
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What are the guidelines the BABOK lists for organizing requirements?
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- Follow standards - Use simple language - Document relationships - Use consistent models and temp |
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What are the requirements modeling concepts that affect requirements analysis?
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- Processes - User classes, profiles or roles - Rules - Concepts and Relationships (entities) - Events
Mnemonic: PUREE |
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What are the “process” models used in requirements analysis?
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- Process model - Organization model - Use Case model - State Diagrams |
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What does the modeling concept “processes” mean?
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The modeling concept “processes” is the steps performed to accomplish a goal or achieve a result for an organization. They transform inputs into outputs and should be repeatable.
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What does the modeling concept “user classes, profiles, or roles” mean?
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These are the people who interact with a proposed or existing solution.
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What are the “user class, profile, or roles” modeled in requirements analysis?
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- Organization models - Process models - Use Case Models |
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What does the modeling concept “Rules” mean?
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Rules are organization-wide operating principles or constraints for how the organization should function. They are true across projects that support them and might apply to:
- Process - Data - Events - Other concepts
They affect decision-making and the sequences of certain actions, and may reflect organization’s priorities.
AKA - business rules |
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What are the “Rules” modeled in requirements analysis?
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- Process models - State diagrams - Data models - Use cases |
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What does the modeling concept “Concepts & Relationships (entities)” mean?
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Concepts are entities or other related things in an organization, such as people, things, etc. They are the source of facts and other data, and tend to have a relationship to other concepts. |
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What are the “Concepts & Relationships (entities)” models used in requirements analysis?
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Data models
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What does the modeling concept “Events” mean?
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Events are triggers to do something
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What are the “Events” models used in requirements analysis?
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- Scope models - Process models - State diagrams - Use case models |
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What are the elements for the Requirements Analysis task of “Specify and Model Requirements” (Task 6.3)?
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- Text - Matrix - Documentation - Models - Capture Requirements Attributes - Improvement Opportunities |
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When using “text” to document requirements, what must the text articulate?
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- Capabilities of the solution - Conditions that must be met for requirements to be valid - Constraints that may prevent the requirements from being fulfilled |
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What guidelines does the BABOK give for writing text requirements?
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-Document one requirement at a time -Use simple wording and avoid complicated conditional clauses -Assume no domain knowledge by the reader -Use consistent terminology -Use verbs or verb phrases -Use active voice, describing who or what is responsible -Use familiar terminology for reviewing stakeholders |
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When using models, what does a notation mean?
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- Actions - Decisions - Hierarchies - Components - Relationships |
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What are the possible types of models?
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- Formal - Informal |
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When specifying and modeling requirements, the what areas of improvement opportunities should the BA consider? |
- Automation or simplification - Improving access to information - Reducing interface complexity - Increasing behavioral consistency - Eliminating redundancy |
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What are the elements of the RA Task “Define Assumptions and Constraints?
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- Assumptions - Technical Constraints - Business Constraints |
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Why might the business impose a business constraint?
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- Budget - Time - Skill level of stakeholders - Need to not affect certain stakeholders |
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What are the types of technical constraints that might be imposed?
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- Resource utilization or thresholds - Message size and timing - Software size - File numbers and sizes - Records and data elements |
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What are the quality characteristics to be considered when verifying requirements (RA Task 6.5)?
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Cohesive (Unified, interconnected) Complete (comprehensive) Consistent (coherent) Correct (traceable) Modifiable (changeable) Unambiguous (clear) Feasible (realistic) Testable (measurable)
Mnemonic: CCCC MUFT |
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What are the verification activities that need to be done?
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- Completeness checks - Comparison checks - Variations and Exceptions - Triggers and Outcomes - Terminology Checks - Examples to Clarify |
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What are the elements of the task “Validate Requirements” (Task 6.6) in Requirements Analysis?
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- Identify assumptions - Define measurable evaluation criteria - Determine business value - Determine dependencies for benefits realization - Evaluate alignment with business case and opportunity cost |
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In the element “determine business value”, what are the two ways value can be measured?
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- Objective (like cost or time savings) - Subjective (like increased morale) |
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What are the two elements of the Business Rules technique?
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- Operative Rules - Structural Rules |
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What is an Operative Rule?
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- Is enforced by the organization as a policy to guide operations - May force or prevent certain actions, or give guidelines for others - Requirements are needed for sanctions, to handle violated rules |
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What is a Structural Rule? |
- For categorization, to determine when something is true, or to do calculations, formulas, or other operations - Categorizations may change over time - Cannot be violated, because the capture knowledge versus control behavior, like operative rules |
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What are the two elements of the technique “Data Dictionary and Glossary”?
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- Glossary - Data Dictionary |
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What would a glossary contain?
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A glossary would contain terms and unique, formal definitions for these, plus any synonyms or aliases. It brings stakeholders to consensus. |
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What would a data dictionary contain?
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A data dictionary contains formal definitions of individual data items and groups, along with ranges of permissible values. May include primitive or composite data elements. |
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What “primitive data elements” (detailed items) would be included regarding data listed in a data dictionary?
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- Name - Alias(es) - Values - Description |
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What is a “composite data element” in a data dictionary?
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A composite data element in a data dictionary would include a group of related primitive item, with the following attributes:
- Sequences - Repetitions - Optional Elements |
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What are the elements of the technique “Data Flow Diagrams”?
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- External entities (AKA external agents or actors) - Data Stores - Data Process - Data Flows |
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What are the symbols used to represent the following elements of a data flow diagram?External entities (AKA external agents or actors)Data StoresData ProcessData Flows
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- External entities = square - Data Stores = open rectangle w/ labels - Data Process = circles OR rounded rectangles - Data Flow = single lines with arrows indicating direction of flow |
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What are the elements of the technique “Data Modeling”?
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- Concept - Attributes - Relationships - Metadata |
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What is a “concept” in a data model?
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A “concept” in a data model is an entity; a basic structure representing a person, place, thing, process, or event. |
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What are the “attributes” of a concept (entity) in a data model?
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- Name - Value/Meanings - Description - Additional attributes may include allowable values, ranges of data, optionality, etc. |
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What is a “relationship” in data modeling?
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A relationship in data modeling is a business connection between concepts/entities. They represent two business rules, and appear with cardinality. |
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What is “metadata” when speaking of data models?
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Metadata is “data about data” and may be constraints or attributes, volumes of instances or relationships, or other data that helps define data use context.
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What is two drawbacks of the “Data Modeling” technique?
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Data models may not be understandable or amenable to business people or BAs not trained in their use. Terms, use, and who does modeling varies across organizations
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What are the types of “relationships” shown on an ERD (entity relationship diagram)?
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- Zero-to-one - One and only one - Zero-to-many - One or more |
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What are the elements of the technique of “Non-functional requirements analysis”?
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- Category - Measurement - Documentation |
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What are the categories of non-functional requirements?
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- Reliability - Performance Efficiency - Operability - Security - Compatibility - Maintainability - Transferability |
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What should non-functional requirements be in order to be considered “good”?
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Good non-functional requirements should be “measurable” for verification of quality. |
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What is the typical method of documenting non-functional requirements?
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Text is the usual method of documenting non-functional requirements.
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What are some of the cons of non-functional requirements?
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- They are more difficult to define than functional requirements - They are often difficult to articulate - Overly rigorous requirements will increase the solution cost |
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The category “Reliability” also includes what other non-functional set of requirements?
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Reliability also includes “Recoverability”, or the ability to recover from errors or system crashes.
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What does the non-functional requirement “Performance Efficiency” cover?
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- Time to perform system tasks - Resource utilization (capacity) levels |
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What does the non-functional requirement “Operability” specify?
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Operability specifies that the application functions the way users want and expect. |
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What additional items are covered by “Operability”?
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- Usability - Learnability |
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What does the non-functional element of “Security” cover?
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Security covers the protection of the application from unauthorized use.
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What additional items are covered by “Security”?
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- Privacy - Confidentiality - Data integrity - Auditability - User authentication |
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What does the non-functional element of “Compatibility” cover?
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Compatibility includes requirements for operating within the current system environment.
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What additional items are covered by “Compatibility”?
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- Replacement of current applications - Coexistence - Interaction w/ other applications |
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What is covered by the non-functionality category “Maintainability”?
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Maintainability covers how well the application can be changed or enhanced to meet future needs. |
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What additional items are covered by “Maintainability”?
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- Component changes - Reusability of components - Testability (including problem diagnosis) |
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What is covered by the non-functionality category “Transferability”?
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Transferability covers being able to install and use an application in multiple environments.
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What additional items are covered by “Transferability”?
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- Ease of installing/uninstalling - Ease of migrating - Kinds of environments the application can run in |
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What are the elements of the “Process Modeling” technique?
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- Notation Elements - Process Improvement |
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What are elements of notation in the process modeling technique?
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- Activities - Decisions - Events - Flow - Roles - Swim lanes and pools - Terminal Points |
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What does the acronym BPI stand for?
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BPI stands for Business Process Improvement |
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What is Business Process Improvement (BPI)?
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BPI is one of the elements of process modeling, and it seeks to improve process efficiency and effectiveness.
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What are the types of BPI cited in the BABOK?
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- Six Sigma - Lean - Proprietary BPM (Business Process Management) |
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What techniques may be used for BPI?
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- Value stream mapping - Statistical analysis and control - Process simulation - Benchmarking - Process Frameworks |
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What are the general goals for BPI?
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- Analyze process to remove non-value added work - Save process time or wait between tasks - Improve interfaces and handoffs, reduce errors - Reduce bottlenecks and backlogs |
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What are the five main parts of an Activity Diagrams (Process Modeling technique)?
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- Activity steps (process) - Control flows - arrow showing directional flow - Forks & Joins - where concurrent or parallel processing can occur - Decision points - empty diamond to show where decisions are made - Guard Conditions - true/false |
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What are the main parts of a swimlane diagram (Process Modeling technique)?
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- Terminal points - start/end positions (ovals) - Activities and flows - processes shown by rectangles, and lines with arrows showing flow - Swimlanes and Roles - bands show lanes for each role or actor - Decisions - diamonds (on flowcharts these are Yes/No) |
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What are the elements of the technique “Scenarios and Use Cases”?
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- Name - Actors - Preconditions - Flow of Events - Post-conditions - Relationships - Extend - Include |
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What are the “Use Case Stereotypes”?
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- Extend - alternate path - Include - access to shared functionality in a separate use case |
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What are “Primary and Alternate Paths” in regards to the Use Case technique?
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- Primary = main or simplest scenario - Alternate = any path that deviates from primary |
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What are the components of a “Use Case Diagram”?
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- Actors - Associations - Boundary box - Use Case |
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What are the components of a “Use Case”?
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- Name - verb noun - Actor(s) - human, system or events - Flow of Events - steps - Primary - Alternate - Exception - Pre-conditions - beginning state - Post-conditions - End state - Extension points - optional relationships |
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What are the elements of the technique “Scope Modeling”?
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- Context Diagram - Events - Features - Use Case Diagram - Business Process |
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What are the elements of the technique “State Diagrams”?
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- States - discreet conditions or status; an object can have only one - Transitions - event or trigger that causes an entity to change states |
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What are the other components of the technique “State Diagrams”?
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- Events - a trigger or pre-condition that initiates the transition - Activity - an activity that occurs when the entity is in the state |
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What are the elements of the task “Manage Solution Scope and Requirements”?
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- Solution Scope Management - Conflict and Issue Management - Presenting Requirements for Review - Approval |
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What are the two routes a BA can take when a change is requested that are outside of the scope?
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- Amend the requirements and scope - Reach agreement that it’s outside of the approved scope |
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What should a BA do to resolve conflicts?
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The BA should facilitate and possibly negotiate agreement among the stakeholders to resolve conflicts. |
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If a BA is unable to resolve conflicts, what would the next step be?
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A third-party may be consulted, perhaps the Executive Sponsor.
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Can requirements be approved if conflicts remain unresolved?
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No. Conflicts MUST be resolved before requirements can be approved.
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When presenting requirements, how formal should they be?
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In general, the chosen method of presenting requirements for review must be formal and complete enough to ensure understanding of requirements, and to get them approved
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During which task should the authority for approvals be decided?
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This should be done Stakeholder Analysis (Task 2.2) in Requirements Planning & Monitoring
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What does “signoff” of requirements signify?
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It signifies that the requirements are complete and understandable enough to begin construction of the solution.
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What are all of the ways that approval can be given? |
According to organizational standards and preferences, and may be:
- Verbal - In-person - Written - Electronic |
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What are the elements of the task “Manage Requirements Traceability” (4.2)?
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- Relationships - Impact Analysis - Configuration Management System |
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What are the common relationships for traceability?
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- Necessity - Effort - Subset - Cover - Value |
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What does the traceability relationship “Necessity” mean?
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It represents dependency, where one requirement is only pertinent when another is included. Can be bi-directional.
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What does the traceability relationship “Effort” mean?
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If one requirement is implemented, it makes it easier to implement another.
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What does the traceability relationship “Subset” mean?
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One requirement may be a decomposed subset of another.
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What does the traceability relationship “Cover” mean?
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One requirement full includes one or more other requirements. This is true of high-level requirements.
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What does the traceability relationship “Value” mean?
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One requirement affects the desirability of another, either positively or negatively.
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What are the elements of the RMC Task “Maintain Requirements for Re-use”?
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- Ongoing Requirements - Satisfied Requirements |
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What does “Ongoing requirements” mean?
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Ongoing requirements are those that an organization must continue to meet on a regular basis (existing outside a project, much like business rules)
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What are some examples of “ongoing requirements”?
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- Contractual obligations - Quality Standards - Service level agreements - Business rules - Business processes - Requirements describing the work products a group releases - Government Regulation obligations |
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What are “Satisfied Requirements”?
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“Satisfied Requirements” include those requirements that have been implemented in a solution. |
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What are the elements of the RMC Task “Prepare Requirements Package”? (4.4)
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- Work Products and Deliverables - Format |
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What are some sample types of “Work Products” that may be produced in the task “Prepare Requirements Package”?
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- Meeting agendas and minutes - Interview questions and notes - Facilitation session agendas and notes - Issues log - Work plan, status reports - Presentation slides used during the project - Traceability matrices |
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What are the elements of the task “Communicate Requirements” (RMC Task 4.5)?
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- General communication - Presentations |
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What are the two types of reviewers who would be invited to a structured walkthrough?
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Stakeholder representativesTechnical staff that will build the solution Approver (sponsor and/or delegate)
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What roles should be included when conducting a Structured Walkthrough?
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- Author - Scribe - Moderator - Peer (optional) - Reviewer - Approver (preferred) |
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What should the agenda for a Structured Walkthrough include?
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- Introduction - Purpose for the reviewed deliverable - Objectives of the review - Background (if required) - Review - walkthrough of deliverables - Agreement - on actions/changes - Status - review status of deliverable
Mnemonic - POI BARS or I Put on BRAs |
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Who is responsible for enforcing the ground rules in a Structured Walkthrough?
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The facilitator is responsible for enforcing the ground rules
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What are the basic ground rules that should be followed in a Structured Walkthrough?
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- Leave titles at the door - Disagree with ideas not people - Come prepared |
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What are the elements of the SA task “Assess Proposed Solution”?
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- Ranking of Solution Options - Identification of Additional Potential Capabilities |
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When ranking solutions as a part of the “Assess Proposed Solution” task, what technique might be employed for more complex situations?
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For more complex evaluations, may want to use a scoring system such as a weighted ranking matrix
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What are the elements of the “Structured Walkthrough” technique?
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.1 - Prerequisites .2 - Process - Review Scope - Organize and schedule review - Conduct the review - Compile notes and results of review - Re-review if necessary .3 - Rules to be followed during the review |
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What are the elements of the “Allocate Requirements” task?
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- Solution Components - Release Planning |
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What should be considered for allocating requirements and making tradeoffs?
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- Available resources - Constraints in the solution - Requirements dependencies |
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What factors guide release planning as a part of allocating requirements?
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- Overall project budget - Time constraints - Resource constraints - Training schedule - Ability for business to absorb change in a certain timeframe |
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What are the elements of the SA Task “Assess Organizational Readiness”? (7.3)
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- Cultural Assessment - Operational or technical assessment - Stakeholder Impact Analysis |
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When assessing stakeholder impact in the task “Assess Organizational Readiness”, what are the impact considerations?
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- Functions - Location - Tasks - Concerns |
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What are the elements of the SA task “Define Transition Requirements”?
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- Data - Ongoing Work - Organizational Change |
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When defining transition requirements, data _______ are nearly always needed when converting to or implementing a new solution.
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Conversions
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What are the elements of the SA task “Validate Solution”?
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- Investigate defective solution outputs - Assess defects and issues |
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What are some examples of “requirements” type defects?
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- Excessive changes - Excessive numbers of questions from developers - Rejection after initial approval |
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What are some examples of “implemented solution” type defects?
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- Excess calls to the help desk - Data and reporting errors - Performance deficiencies |
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What are the considerations for assessing defects and issues in the “Validation Solution” task?
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- Severity of the defect - Probability of occurrence - Severity of the business impact - Capacity of the business to absorb the defect’s impact |
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What are the elements of the SA task “Evaluate Solution Performance”? (7.6)
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- Understand value delivered by solution - Validate solution metrics - Solution replacement or elimination |
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What are the considerations for replacing or eliminating a solution in the task of “Evaluate Solution Performance”?
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- Ongoing cost v. initial investment - Opportunity cost - Necessity - Sunk cost |
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What are the elements of a vendor assessment? |
- Knowledge and expertiseLicensing and pricing models - Product reputation and market position - Terms and conditions - Vendor experience and reputation - Vendor stability |
