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334 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the purpose of the “Acceptance and Evaluation Criteria Definition” technique? (9.1) |
To define the requirements that must be met in order for a solution to be considered acceptable to key stakeholders. |
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What is “Acceptance Criteria”? |
The minimal set of requirements that must be met in order for a particular solution to be worth implementing.
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What is “Evaluation Criteria”?
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The set of requirements that will be used to choose between multiple solutions.
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When is evaluation criteria used?
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To compare multiple solutions or components and allow for a range of scores.
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When is acceptance criteria used?
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Used when there is only one possible solution and is generally expressed as pass/fail.
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What are the elements of “Acceptance and Evaluation Criteria Definition” technique? (9.1)
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- Testability - Determine Ranking and Scoring |
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What is “ranking”?
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Determining the order of importance for all requirements when using the technique “Acceptance and Evaluation Criteria Definition” |
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What is “scoring”?
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Used to determine how well a solution will meet the requirements. A scale should be used, with stakeholders agreement on how they will be scored. |
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What are the pros of the technique “Acceptance and Evaluation Criteria Definition”?
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- Agile may require requirements be formatted his way - Necessary when there are contractual obligations |
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What are the cons of the technique “Acceptance and Evaluation Criteria Definition”?
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May express contractual obligations and may be difficult to change for legal or political reasons.
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What is the purpose of the “Benchmarking” technique? (9.2)
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Used to perform to compare the strengths and weaknesses of an organization against its peers or competitors.
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What is benchmarking usually focused on?
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Strategies, operations and processes.
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What are the elements of the “Benchmarking” technique? (9.2)
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- Identify the area to be studied - Identify orgs that are leaders in the sector - Conduct a survey of selected orgs to understand their practices - Arrange for visits to best-in-class orgs - Develop a project proposal to implement best practices |
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What are the pros of the “Benchmarking” technique? (9.2)
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Provides orgs with the information about new and different methods, ideas, and tools to improve organizational performance.
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What are the cons of the “Benchmarking” technique? (9.2)
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- It is time-consuming. - Orgs may not have the expertise to conduct the analysis or acquire or interpret useful competitive info - Cannot produce innovative solutions or solutions that produce a sustainable competitive advantage |
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What is the purpose of the “Brainstorming” technique? (9.3)
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The aim is to produce numerous new ideas, and to derive from them themes for further analysis
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What are the elements of the “Brainstorming” technique?
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- Preparation - Session - Wrap-up |
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What are the pros of the “Brainstorming” technique?
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- Ability to elicit many ideas quickly - Non-judgmental environment enables creative thinking - Can be useful during a workshop to reduce tension between participants |
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What are the cons of the “Brainstorming” technique?
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- Dependent on participants’ creativity and willingness to participate - Organizational and interpersonal policies may limit participation - Group must agree to avoid debating ideas |
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What is the purpose of the "Business Rules Analysis" technique (9.4)?
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To define the rules that govern decisions in an organization and that define, constrain, or enable organizational operations. |
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What the a "Business Policy"? (9.4)
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Non-actionable directives that support a business goal.
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What is a "Business Rule"? (9.4)
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A specific, actionable, testable directive that is under the control of an organization and that supports a business policy.
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What is a "Decision Table" or "Decision Tree"?
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These are used for particularly complex rules, or rules with a number of interrelated dependencies (as in the Decision Analysis technique). |
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_____ and _____ constrain the organization and operation of an organization.
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Policies and Rules
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What principles guide the BA when starting and managing business rules?
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- Stated in appropriate terminology to enable domain SMEs to validate the rules - Documented independently of how they will be enforced - Stated at the atomic level and in declarative format - Separated from processes that the rule supports or constraints - Maintained in a manner that enables the organization to monitor and adapt the rules as the business policies change |
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What are the elements of the "Business Rules Analysis" technique? (9.4)
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- Operative Rules - Structural Rules |
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Business rules require _______ & ___________
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Data glossary of Terms & Understanding of relationships between them |
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What are "Operative Rules"?
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Rules that the organization chooses to enforce as a matter of policy
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What type of rules oblige people to take certain actions, prevent them from taking actions, or prescribe the conditions under which an action may be taken?
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Operative Rules
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Is it possible for people to violate an Operative Rule?
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Yes, it must be possible, even if there are no circumstances under which the organization would approve of them doing so. |
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What is a "Structural Rule"?
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Intended to help determine when something is or is not true, or when things fall into a certain category. |
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Can a Structural Rule be violated?
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No, but they can be misapplied.
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What are the strengths of the "Business Rules Analysis" technique? (9.4)
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- Allows organization to make changes to policy without altering processes - Impact of business rules changes can be easily assessed when they are documented separately |
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What are the weaknesses of the "Business Rules Analysis" technique? (9.4)
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- Organizations may have long lists of business rules- Business Rules can contradict one another - Unexpected results may occur when business rules are combined - Business rules may need to be questioned for continued relevancy |
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What is the purpose of the technique "Data Dictionary & Glossary"? (9.5)
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This technique defines key terms and data relevant to a business domain.
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What are the elements of the technique "Data Dictionary & Glossary"? (9.5)
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- Glossary - Data Dictionary |
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What is a "Primitive Data Element"?
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It is a single data element in a data dictionary. |
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What information about primitive data elements must be recorded?
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- Name (unique name for reference by composite data elements) - Aliases - Values/Meanings - Description |
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What is a "Composite Data Element"?
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This is assembled from primitive data elements.
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What information about composite data elements or structures should be included?
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- Sequences - Repetitions - Optional Elements |
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What are the usage considerations for the technique "Data Dictionary & Glossary"?
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- Ensures stakeholders are in agreement on the content/format of information - Data captured in a single model ensures terms will be used consistently |
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What is the purpose of the technique "Data Flow Diagrams"? (9.6)
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To show how information is input, processed, stored, and output from a system.
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What is a "Data Flow Diagram"?
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A visual representation of how information is moved through a system.
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What are the elements of a "Data Flow Diagram"?
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- External Entities - Data Store - Data Process - Data Flow |
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What shape represents an external entity in a DFD?
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A labeled rectangle
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How is a data store represented in a DFD?
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A label between two parallel lines or a labeled rectangle with a square (based on notation type) |
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How is a data process represented in a DFD?
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As a labeled circle or a rectangle with curved corners, with a verb-object label structure. |
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What does an asterisk in a DFD represent?
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The process is used to identify data processes that have further decomposition models.
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How are data flows depicted in a DFD?
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As either a single or forked line with an arrow, with a labeled description about the data being moved.
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What are the types of DFD notation noted in the BABOK?
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- Gene-Sarson Notation - Yourdon Notation |
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What are the usage considerations for the "Data Flow Diagram" technique?
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- They are part of a structured analysis approach - They are used to get an understanding of a range of data within the domain - Typically used after a context diagram has been completed - A prerequisite or concurrent activity to data modeling |
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What are the strengths of the "Data Flow Diagram" technique?
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- May be used as a data or process discovery technique - Most find these easy to understand - Generally considered a useful deliverable for developers in a structured programming environment |
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What are the weaknesses of the "Data Flow Diagram" technique?
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- Cannot easily show who is responsible for performing the work - Cannot show alternative paths through the same process |
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What is the purpose of the "Data Modeling" technique? (9.7)
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To describe the concepts relevant to a domain, the relationship between those concepts, and information associated with them.
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A data model usually takes the form of a ______ supported by _______ ________.
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Diagram & Textual Descriptions |
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What does a data model represent?
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The following types of items that are important to the organization:
- People - Places - Things - Concepts |
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What are the two most common forms of Data Models?
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- ERD (Entity Relationship Diagram) - Class Diagram |
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ERDs are more commonly used when the model will be used as the basis of what?
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Relational Database |
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Class diagrams are preferred for supporting what?
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Object-oriented development
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What are the elements of a "Data Model"?
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- Concept- Attributes - Relationship - Metadata |
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What is a "concept" in a data model?
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Something of significance to the domain being described, and for which the organization needs data |
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What is a "concept" called in an ERD?
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Entity
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What is a "concept" called in a Class Diagram?
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Class
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Each concept in a data model should have a unique _________.
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Identifier
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What is an "attribute" in a data model?
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Defines a particular piece of information associated with a concept.
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What are the attributes that should be captured for concepts in a data model?
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- Name (unique name with aliases) - Values/Meanings - Description |
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How is a relationship represented in an ERD?
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Annotated line
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What do relationships in Data Models define?
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How information is used in the operation of the business, and the importance of linkages that need to managed and maintained in the solution.
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What do "cardinality" and "multiplicity" indicate?
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The number of relationships allowed or required |
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What is metadata?
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Data about data
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What are the strengths of the Data Model technique?
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- Offer the flexibility of different levels of description - Provides consistent modeling - Strong basis in mathematical concepts, supported by rigorous rules for correctness and completeness, encouraging accuracy in the models |
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What are the weaknesses of the "Data Modeling" technique?
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- Can be complex - Can be difficult for users to understand and relate to - Terms and definitions may vary between organizational units or domains |
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What is the purpose of the technique "Decision Analysis"? (9.8)
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To support decision-making when dealing with complex, difficult, or uncertain situations. |
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What must a BA understand to perform effective Decision Analysis?
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- Values, goals, and objectives relevant to the decision problem - Nature of the decision that must be made - Areas of uncertainty that affect the decision- Consequences of each possible decision |
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What are the elements of the "Decision Analysis" technique?
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- Outcomes - Uncertainty - Trade-offs |
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What are the types of outcomes that may result in "Decision Analysis"?
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- Financial Analysis - Non-financial Outcomes |
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What are the commonly used financial valuation techniques used to determine the market value of an organizational asset?
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- Discounted cash flow - Net Present Value - Internal Rate of Return - Average Rate of Return - Payback Period - Cost-benefit Analysis |
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A decision tree is a method that can be used to determine what?
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The preferred outcome where multiple sources of uncertainty may exists.
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When is uncertainty relevant in "Decision Analysis"?
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When it is impossible to know which outcome will occur.
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When do trade-offs become relevant in "Decision Analysis"?
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When a decision problem involved multiple, possibly conflicting, objectives.
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What are effective methods when making trade-offs in "Decision Analysis"?
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- Elimination of dominates alternatives (removing options that are clearly inferior) - Ranking objectives on a similar scale |
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What are the advantages of the "Decision Analysis" technique?
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- Effective in determining the expected value of an alternative scenario - Consistent financial justification techniques provides quantitative measures on which to base decisions - May force stakeholders to honestly assess the importance the place on alternatives |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Decision Analysis" technique?
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- Requires specialized knowledge and skills - Decisions may be treated as more certain than they actually are - Decision-makers may be reluctant to revisit decisions |
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What is the purpose of the "Document Analysis" technique? (9.9)
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To elicit requirements by studying available documentation on existing and comparable solutions and identifying relevant information.
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If the objective is to gather details of existing solutions, including business rules, entities, and attributes that need to be included in a new solution or need to updated in a current solution, what would be the best technique to use?
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Document Analysis
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What are the elements of the technique "Document Analysis"?
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- Preparation - Document Review - Wrap-up |
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What are the advantages of the "Document Analysis" technique?
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- Not starting from a blank page - Leverages existing materials to discover and/or confirm requirements - A means to cross-check requirements from other techniques |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Document Analysis" technique?
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- Limited to "as-is" perspectives- Existing documentation may not be up-to-date or valid - Can be time-consuming and tedious to locate the relevant information |
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What is the purpose of the technique "Estimation"? (9.10)
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To forecast the cost and effort involved in pursuing a course of action. |
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In what circumstances would estimating be used?
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When it is impossible to determine the exact costs.
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Estimates should include the range of ______ associated with that estimate.
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Uncertainty
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What are the elements of the "Estimation" technique?
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- Analogous Estimation - Parametric Estimation - Bottom-up Estimation - Rolling Wave - Three-point estimation - Historic Analysis - Expert Judgment - Delphi Estimation |
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What is an "Analogous" estimation?
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An estimate made using a similar project as the basis for developing estimates for a current project. Typically used when little is known.
AKA - Top-down estimate |
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What is "Parametric" estimation?
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Uses parameters, multiplied by the number of hours, based on historical information for similar activities. |
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What are some well-known methods used for Parametric estimation?
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- COCOMO II - Function Point Counting - Use Case Points- Story Points |
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What is "Bottom-up" Estimation?
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A roll-up using the identified deliverables, activities, tasks, and estimates from all stakeholders.
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Which method of estimating can produce the most accurate and defensible estimates?
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Bottom-up
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What is a "Rolling Wave" estimate?
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This technique involves refinement of estimates.
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What is "Three-Point" estimating?
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Identifies the best-case, worst-case, and most likely estimate
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What is "Historic Analysis" estimating?
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Uses history as a basis for estimating, used for both top-down and detailed task estimation, based on prior project records.
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What is "Expert Judgment" estimating?
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Relies on the expertise of those who have performed the work in the past (can be internal or external)
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What is "Delphi Estimation"?
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A combination of expert judgment and history to get an average.
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What are the pros of the "Estimation" technique?
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Can help stakeholders make better decisions based on an improved understanding of likely outcomes
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What are the cons of the "Estimation" technique?
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- Stakeholders typically treat estimates as commitments and expect the solution team will meet those estimates - Often consciously or unconsciously altered to match stakeholder expectations |
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What is the purpose of a "Focus Group"? (9.11)
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A means to elicit ideas and attitudes about a specific product, service, or opportunity in an interactive group environment (guided by a moderator) |
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Focus groups are considered a form of ______ research.
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Qualitative
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Focus groups can be used during which lifecycle state?
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Trick question. It can be used under any: exploratory, under development, ready to launch, or in production.
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Focus group reports are grouped into _____ & ______.
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Themes & perspectives
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What are the elements of the "Focus Group" technique?
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- Preparation - Run the Focus Group Session - Produce Report |
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What are the steps involved in the element of "Preparation" for the use of the "Focus Group" technique? |
- Recruit Participants - Assign the Moderator and Recorder - Create Discussion Guide - Reserve Site and Services |
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What are the different types of participants that might be used in a focus group?
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- Heterogeneous - Homogeneous |
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What does "Heterogeneous" mean? |
Individuals with different characters. |
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What does "Homogeneous" mean?
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Individuals with similar backgrounds and/or perspectives |
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What abilities must a moderator of a "Focus Group" have?
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- promote discussions - ask open questions - facilitate interactions between group members - engage all members - keep session focused - remain neutral - be adaptable and flexible |
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What would a focus group discussion guide consist of?
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A list of goals/objectives and five to six open questions.
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While scripted, a focus group should appear to be _____ and relatively ______ to participants.
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Free-flowing & unstructured
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What are the advantages of the "Focus Group" technique?
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- Ability to elicit data from a group of people in a single session saves time and cost - Effective for learning people's attitudes, experiences, and desires - Active group discussion creates an environment where participants can share their views in relation to other perspectives |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Focus Group" technique?
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- In group settings, participants may be concerned with issues of trust/sensitive topics- Data may not be consistent with how people actually behave - If too homogeneous, responses may not represent complete requirements - Skilled moderator is needed to manage group interactions and discussions - May be difficult to schedule the group for the same date/time - If for a new or changing product, may not be effective for evaluating usability |
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What is the purpose of the "Functional Decomposition" technique? (9.12)
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To decompose processes, functional areas, or deliverables into their component parts and allow each part to be analyzed independently. |
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What is the primary goal of functional decomposition?
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To ensure that the problem is separated into sub-problems that are as independent as possible, so that work can be assigned to different groups, providing the ability to scale and manage larger projects.
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Functional decomposition is similar to what in project management?
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A work breakdown structure (WBS)
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Besides projects, functional decomposition can be performed at what other levels?
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Product or process
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What are the advantages of the "Functional decomposition" technique?
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- Creates a conceptual model of the work that needs to be completed - Provides stakeholders with a consistent view of the scope of effort - Assists estimating due to smaller and more readily understood subsets of the whole |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Functional decomposition" technique?
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- No way to be certain all components have been captured - Decomposing with full understanding of relationships between pieces may create an inappropriate structure that impedes analysis |
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What is the purpose of the ''Interface Analysis" technique? (9.13)
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To identify interfaces between solutions and/or solution components and define requirements that describe how they will interact
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What is an "Interface"?
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A connection between two components
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What are the types of interfaces?
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- User interfaces - To/from external applications - To/from external hardware devices |
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What does the "Interface Analysis" technique help do?
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Clarify boundaries of the interfacing applications
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What are the elements of the "Interface Analysis" technique?
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- Prepare for Interface Identification - Conduct interface identification - Define interactions |
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What other technique may help in documenting the existing interfaces when conducting interface analysis?
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Scope Modeling using a context diagram (9.27)
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What needs to be included for each interface identified when conducting interface analysis?
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- Describe the purpose of the interface - Evaluate which type may be appropriate - Elicit high-level details about the interface, depending on its type |
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When defining the interfaces in Interface Analysis, what are the requirements primarily focused on?
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- Describing the inputs/outputs from the interface - Validation rules that govern those inputs/outputs - Events that might trigger interactions |
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What are the advantages of the "Interface Analysis" technique?
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- Impact on delivery date, know this early enables more accurate project planning and potential savings in time/cost - Collaboration with other systems or projects - Specifying interfaces should prevent difficulties in integrating with multiple components |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Interface Analysis" technique?
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Does not provide insight into other aspects of the solution (since it does not access internal components) |
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What is the purpose of the "Interview" technique? (9.14)
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It is a systematic approach designed to elicit information from a person or group of people in an informal or formal setting by talking to an interviewee, asking relevant questions, and documenting the responses. |
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What are the two basic types of interviews?
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- Structured (pre-defined questions) - Unstructured (open-ended, free-flow) |
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Interview success is determined by what factors?
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- Level of understanding of domain by the interviewer - Experience of the interview in conducting interviews - Skill of the interviewer in documenting the discussions - Readiness of interviewee to provide relevant information - Degree of clarity in interviewee's mind about what the business requires of the target system - Rapport of the interviewer with the interviewee |
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What are the elements of the "Interview" technique?
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- Prepare - Conduct - Post-interview Follow-up and Confirmation |
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What must be considered when identifying who should be interviewed?
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- Who has the most authentic and current information on the subject? - What is their stake in the initiative? - What is the relative importance of one person to another? |
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For structured interviews, what types of questions might be asked?
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- Open-ended - Closed-ended |
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What are the two ways to organize questions for a structured interview?
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- Logical order - Priority/significance |
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Where are all the places/ways that interviews may be conducted?
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- In-person - Telephone - Web Conference - Other remote communication methods |
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What is the purpose of contacting interviewees before an interview?
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To explain why their assistance is needed and what the objective of the interview is
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What are the steps of conducting an interview?
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- Open the interview - During the interview - Close the interview |
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What should the interviewer do after the interview?
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- Organize the information - Send notes to the interviewee for review |
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What are the advantages of the "Interview" technique?
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- Encourages participation and establishes rapport- Simple, direct technique that can be used in varying situations - Allows full discussion of the questions and answers - Enables observation of nonverbal behavior - Interviewer can ask follow-up and probing questions to confirm understanding - Maintains focus by use of clear objectives - Allows interviewee to express opinions in private that they may be reluctant to express in public |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Interview" technique?
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- Not an ideal means of reaching consensus- Requires considerable commitment and involvement from participants - Training is required to conduct effective interviews - Depth of follow-up questions may be dependent on interviewer's knowledge of the business domain - Transcription and analysis of interview data can be complex and expensive - Resulting documentation may be subject to interviewer's interpretation - Risk of unintentionally leading the interviewee |
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What is the purpose of the "Lessons Learned" technique? (9.15)
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To complete and document successes, opportunities for improvement, failures, and recommendations for improving the performance of future projects or project phases.
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What format or venue is best for conducting "Lessons Learned"?
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Any format or venue that works for the key stakeholders identified as participants in these sessions.
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What are the elements of the technique "Lessons Learned"?
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Can include a review of: - BA activities - BA deliverables - Final product - BA process - Automation and technology used/not used - Managerial concerns/issues - How organizational process assets helped or hindered - Performance against plan - Variances - Corrective and/or preventive action recommended, approved or rejected, and taken |
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What are the pros of "Lessons Learned"?
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- Useful for identifying opportunities for process improvement - Can help build team morale after a difficult period |
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What are the cons of "Lessons Learned"?
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- Everyone must be prepared to avoid any urge to assign blame - Participants may be reluctant to document and discuss problems - May risk becoming a "gripe" session and improvement opportunities neglected |
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What is the purpose of "Metrics and Key Performance Indicators" technique? (9.16)
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To measure the performance of solutions, solution components, and other matters of interest to stakeholders.
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What is a "Metric"?
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A quantifiable level of an indicator that an organization uses to measure progress at a specified point in time.
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What is a "Key performance indicator"?
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A measure of progress towards a strategic goal or objective; a specific numerical measurement for a goal, impact, output, activity, or input.
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What is "Reporting"?
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The process of informing the stakeholders of metrics of indicators in specified formats at specified intervals.
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Metrics and reports are key components of _______ & ______.
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Monitoring & Evaluation
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What is "Monitoring"?
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A continuous process of collecting data to determine how well a solution has been implemented compared to expected results.
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What is "Evaluation"?
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The systematic and objective assessment of a solution to determine its status and efficacy in meeting objective over time, and to identify ways to improve the solution to better meet objectives.
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What are the elements of "Metrics and KPIs"?
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- Indicators - Metrics - Structure - Reporting |
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What are the characteristics of a good indicator?
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- Clear - Relevant - Economical - Adequate - Quantifiable |
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Metrics can be a ____, _____ or ______.
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Specific point, threshold, or range.
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What are the three key factors in assessing the quality of indicators and their metrics?
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- Reliability - Validity - Timeliness |
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In reporting, what is more credible than absolute metrics?
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Trends
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In reporting, which method is more effective to present the results? Visual Representation or Tables
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Visual representations
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What are the advantages of the "Metrics and KPIs" technique?
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- Allows all stakeholders to understand the extent to which a solution meets and objective, and how effective the solution was - Facilities organizational alignment, linking goals to objectives, supporting solutions, underlying tasks, and resources |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Metrics and KPIs" technique?
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- Gathering excessive data beyond what is needed results in unnecessary expense - May distract project members from other responsibilities - Metrics used to assess performance may cause people to act to increase their performance based on those metrics |
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What is the purpose of the "Non-functional Requirements" technique? (9.17)
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To describe the required qualities of a system, such as its usability and performance characteristics.
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What is the difference between functional and nonfunctional requirements.
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Functional requirements describe the behavior of the system, non-functional requirements describe the quality.
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Which users are non-functional requirements most important to?
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- User community - Development community |
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What are the elements of Non-functional requirements technique?
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- Category - Measurement - Documentation |
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What are the non-functional requirement categories as per ISO-9126?
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- Reliability - Performance - Efficiency - Operability - Security - Compatibility - Maintainability - Transferability |
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What is a "measurement" in regards to non-functional requirements?
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An appropriate measure of success so it can be adequately tested.
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Non-functional requirements are usually documented in text using _______ statements.
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Declarative
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What are the pros of "Non-functional Requirements"?
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Success in meeting non-functional requirements will have a strong influence on whether or not a system is accepted by users.
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What are the cons of "Non-functional Requirements"?
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- More difficult to define - Expectations regarding quality may be hard for users to articulate - Overly stringent non-functional requirements may impact the cost of development |
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What is the purpose of the "Observation" technique? (9.18)
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A means of eliciting requirements by conducting an assessment of the stakeholder's work environment. |
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What are some other names for "observation"?
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Job shadowing, following people around
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What are the two approaches of "Observation"?
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- Passive/invisible - Active/visible |
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What are some variations of "observation"?
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- Hands-on participation - Temporary apprentice - Watching a demo of the process/task |
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What are the elements of "Observation"?
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- Prepare for observation - Observe - Post observation wrap-up (Document & confirm) |
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What is the purpose of the "Organization Modeling" technique? (9.19)
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To describe the roles, responsibilities and reporting structures that exist within an organization and to align those structures with the organization's goals. |
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What are the elements of "Organization Modeling"?
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- Organizational Purpose and Structure - Roles - Interfaces - Org Charts |
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What are the different ways organizations can be organized?
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- Function - Market - Matrix |
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How is a functionally-oriented organization arranged?
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Staff are grouped together based on shared skills or areas of expertise, to encourage a standardization of work or processes within the organization. |
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What are the pros of an organization that is functionally organized?
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- Facilitate cost management - Reduce duplication of work |
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What are the cons of an organization that is functionally organized?
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- Prone to developing communication and cross-functional coordination problems (aka "Silos") |
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How is a matrix-style organization organized?
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Based on serving a particular customer segment (rather than common skills or expertise of the employee) |
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What are the pros of a market-oriented organization?
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Enables the organization to be better oriented with the needs of its customers
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What are the cons of a market-oriented organization?
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- Prone to develop inconsistencies in how work is performed - Work may be duplicated in multiple divisions |
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Market-oriented organizations may be organized around _____, _____, _____ or _____.
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Customer groups, geographical areas, projects, or processes. |
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What is a "matrix" organization?
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There are separate managers for each functional area, and for each product, service, or customer group. Staff report into a line manager, who is responsible for the performance of a type of a work and for identifying opportunities for efficiency in the work, and to a market manager, who is responsible for managing the product, service, etc. across multiple functional areas. |
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What are some examples of an organizational "interface"?
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- Work packages received or delivered to other units - Communication with people in other roles |
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True or False: Organization modeling has a defined set of formal standards
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False. There are no standards for organization modeling. |
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What are some standard components of an organization chart?
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- Organizational Units - Lines of Reporting (direct or indirect) - Roles and People |
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What are the pros of the "Organization Modeling" technique?
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It's a model type that most organizations will have defined |
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What are the cons of the "Organization Modeling" technique?
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- Organization redesign may impact project scope. - Informal lines of authority may not be shown on the org chart, but are almost certain to exist |
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What is the purpose of "Problem Tracking"?
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It provides an organized approach to tracking, managing, and resolving defects, issues, problems, and risks throughout business analysis activities. |
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What are the expected results of using the "Problem tracking" technique?
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- Resolution of problems in a timely manner that eliminate or minimize negative impacts - Allocation of resources to resolve problems - Identification of root causes of problems |
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What are the elements of the "Problem Tracking" technique?
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- Problem Record - Problem Management - Metrics |
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What components might be included in a Problem Record?
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- Description - Raised by - Date Identified - Impact - Priority - Need by date - Owner - Status - Action needed to resolve - Responsible for Action - Completion date of action - Outcome |
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What are some metrics that might be used for Problem Tracking?
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- Number of problems by status and priority - Cycle time for each problem (how long to resolve from report date) |
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What are the advantages of the "Problem Tracking" technique?
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- Provides an organized method for tracking and resolving risks, issues, and defects - Provides a mechanism to communicate problems across the team - Helps maintain focus on open problems until they are resolved |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Problem Tracking" technique?
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- If regular prioritization is not done, list becomes outdated/irrelevant - If key team members do not review, progress to resolve may be slow or non-existent - If there's a strict deadline, problem management may be a lower priority |
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What is the purpose of the "Process Modeling" technique?
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To understand how work that involves multiple roles and departments is performed within an organization |
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A process is initiated by an ____ in the business domain.
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Event
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A process is completed when the _____ or ____ of the process is completed.
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Objective or Goal
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What is a process model?
|
A visual representation of the sequential flow and control logic of a set of related activities or actions.
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What are the elements of a process model?
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- Notation Elements - Process Improvement |
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What are the specific notation elements used in a process model?
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- Activities - Decisions - Events - Flow - Roles - Swimlanes and Pools - Terminal Points |
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What are some process improvement methods mentioned in the BABOK?
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- Six Sigma - Lean - Other proprietary BPM approaches |
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What methods are used for process improvement?
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- Value Stream Mapping - Statistical Analysis and control - Process Simulation - Benchmarking - Process Frameworks |
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What some common changes to a process that may be done to improve it?
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- Remove activities that do not add value, where possible - Reduce time required to complete a process - Improve interfaces/handoffs between roles and org units to remove errors - Reduce or eliminate bottlenecks/backlogs |
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What are the pros of the "Process Modeling" technique?
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- Most stakeholders are comfortable with the basic elements and concepts - Effective at showing how to handle a large number of scenarios and parallel branches - Likely to have value in their own right |
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What are the cons of the "Process Modeling" technique?
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- Can become extremely complex and unwieldy if not structured properly - Problems cannot always be identified by looking at the model |
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What is the purpose of the "Prototyping" technique?
|
It details user interface requirements and integrates them with other requirements such as use cases, scenarios, data and business rules. |
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What are the two categories of prototyping?
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- Functional scope - Use throughout system development lifecycle |
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For functional scope prototypes, what are the two types of views that can be used?
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- horizontal models a shallow, possibly wide view- vertical shows a narrow slice) |
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For lifecycle prototypes, what are the two types?
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- throw-away- evolutionary or functional |
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Prototyping is best used when?
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Functionality is not easily elicited by other techniques, has conflicting views, or is difficult to understand
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What are the elements of prototyping?
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- Prepare for prototyping - Prototype - Evaluate the prototype |
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Building a prototype is an ______ process
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Iterative
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What are some other names for a Storyboard prototype?
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Dialog Map, Dialog Hierarchy, Navigation Flow |
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A screen prototype should also include what?
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Data attributes, selection criteria, and supporting business rules
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What are the pros of the "Prototyping" technique?
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- Lets users "see" the future system's interface- Allows for early user interaction and feedback - Throw-away versions are an inexpensive way to quickly uncover and confirm a variety of requirements - Vertical prototypes can demonstrate what's possible with existing technology, and identify gaps - Evolutionary/functional prototypes provide a vehicle for designers and developers to learn about the users' interface needs and to evolve system requirements |
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What are the cons of the "Prototyping" technique?
|
- For complex systems, can take a lot of time if focus is on "how" instead of "what" - Assumptions may need to be made to initiate prototyping - May lead users to have unrealistic expectations - Users may focus on design rather than requirements |
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What is the purpose of the "Requirements Workshop" technique? (9.23)
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It is a structured way to capture requirements; may be used to scope, discover, define, prioritize, and reach closure on requirements for the target system. |
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The _______ technique is considered one of the most effective ways to delivery high-quality requirements quickly.
|
Requirements Workshop
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A BA may play the role of ____ or ____ in a requirements workshop.
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Facilitator or Scribe
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What are the elements of a requirements workshop?
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- Prepare for workshop - Conduct Workshop - Post Workshop Wrap-up |
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What is the role of a scribe in requirements workshop?
|
To document the requirements in the format determined prior to the workshop and keep track of any items or issues that are deferred during the session.
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What are the responsibilities of a facilitator in a requirements workshop?
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- Establish professional tone and objectives for the meeting - Introduce the goals and agenda - Enforce discipline, structure and ground rules - Manage the meeting and keep the team on track - Facilitate decision-making and build consensus; avoid participating - Ensure all stakeholders participate and their input is heard - Ask the right questions and follow-up with probing questions, if necessary |
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What are the advantages of the "Requirements Workshop" technique?
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- Means to elicit detailed requirements in a short period of time - A means for stakeholders to collaborate, make decisions, and gain mutual understanding - Costs less than individual interviews - Provide immediate feedback |
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What are the disadvantages of the "Requirements Workshop" technique?
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- Stakeholder availability may make it difficult to schedule - Highly dependent on expertise of the facilitator and knowledge of participants - Too many participants can slow down the process - Not enough participants can lead to missed requirements |
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What is the purpose of the "Risk Analysis" technique?
|
To identify and manage areas of uncertainty that can impact an initiative, solution, or organization
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By their nature, risks can be _____ or ______.
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Positive or negative
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What are the elements of the technique "Risk Analysis"?
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- Risk Tolerance - Assessment - Response |
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What are the three categories of risk tolerance?
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- Risk-averse - Neutral - Risk-seeking |
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If an organization is risk averse, a reduction in potential ______ in return for a more certain outcome is seen as an acceptance tradeoff.
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Benefits
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If a company is risk seeking, it may accept ___ chances of success if the benefits of success are higher.
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Low
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What are the types of risk response to negative risks?
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- Acceptance - Transfer - Mitigate - Avoid
Mnemonic: MATA |
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What are the types of risk response to positive risks?
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- Share - Enhance - Exploit |
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What are the pros of the "Risk Analysis" technique?
|
Enables the organization to prepare for the likelihood that at least some things will not go as planned.
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What are the cons of the "Risk Analysis" technique?
|
- number of risks can easily become too large to manage - it may only be possible to manage a sub-set of risks - Risks are inherently uncertain - it may be difficult to usefully estimate the impact of the risks |
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What is the purpose of the "Root Cause Analysis" technique?
|
To determine the underlying source of a problem. |
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What are two critical element of the "Root Cause Analysis" technique?
|
- To ensure that current business thinking processes are challenged. - The ability of the facilitator to remain objective |
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What are the elements of the "Root Cause Analysis" technique?
|
- Fishbone Diagram - Five Whys |
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What are some other names for the Fishbone diagram?
|
- Ishikawa diagram - Cause-and-effect diagram |
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What are the pros of the "Root Cause Analysis" technique?
|
Provides a structured method to identify the root causes of identified problems |
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What are the cons of the "Root Cause Analysis" technique?
|
Works best when performed by someone with format training |
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What is the purpose of the "Scenarios and Use Cases" technique? (9.26)
|
To describe how an actor interacts with a system to accomplish one or more of the actor's goals, or to respond to an event |
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What is the difference between a scenario and a use case?
|
A scenario describes all the possible outcomes of an attempt to accomplish a goal that the solution will support, written in a series of steps performed by actors or by the solution. A use case describes several scenarios in the form of primary and alternate flows. |
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What are the elements of "Scenarios and Use Cases"?
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- Name - Actors - Preconditions - Flow of Events - Post-conditions - Relationships |
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Names of scenarios and use cases are usually written in ___ and ____ format.
|
Verb and noun
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What is an "Actor" in a scenario or use case?
|
Any person, system, or event external to the system under design that interacts with a system through a use case.
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What is a "Temporal Event" in use cases?
|
Rarely modeled, it shows a "Time" actor initiating a use case via a trigger based on a calendar date
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Relationships between use cases are known as what?
|
Stereotypes
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What are the two commonly used stereotypes (relationships) in use cases?
|
- Extend (allows for insertion of additional behavior) - Include (the base use case can make use of functionality in other use cases) |
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An "Extend" stereotype is functionally identical to what?
|
An alternate flow
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What are the advantages of the "Scenarios and Use Cases" technique?
|
Good at clarifying scope and providing high-level understanding of behavioral goals, normal situations, alternatives, or exception paths through an activity or business process
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What are the disadvantages of the "Scenarios and Use Cases" technique?
|
- Frequently used to try to document all types of requirements, even if other techniques would be more effective - Do not have features to support integration or discovery of common elements, requiring additional analysis |
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What is the purpose of the "Scope Modeling" technique? (9.27)
|
To describe the scope of analysis or the scope of a solution.
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|
Scope models allow definition of a ___ scope.
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Complete - that is, the boundaries of the scope corresponding to the natural boundaries of a business domain. |
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What are the elements of "Scope Modeling"?
|
- Context Diagram - Events- Features - Use Case Diagram - Business Process |
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|
What are the two notation types for context diagrams?
|
- Gane-Sarson - Yourdon |
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|
What is a "Context Diagram"?
|
A top-level data flow diagram that uses a single data process to describe the scope and shows the external entities and data stores that provide data to and receive data from the system. |
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What is a "Feature" in a context diagram?
|
A high-level abstraction of the solution that must later be expanded into fully described functional and supplemental requirements.
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What does a use case diagram depict?
|
It visually depicts the uses cases supported by the system, the actors who trigger those use cases, and relationships between the use cases.
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What are the pros of "Scope Modeling"?
|
Makes it easier to determine what should be in and out of scope
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What are the cons of "Scope Modeling"?
|
Usually leaves much of the detailed scope still needing to be investigated and detailed.
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What is the purpose of a "Sequence Diagram"?
|
It's used to model the logic of usage scenarios, by showing the information passed between objects in the system through the execution of the scenario.
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|
A "message" in a sequence diagram is also known as what?
|
Stimulus
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What is it called when a message/stimulus arrives at the object in a sequence diagram?
|
An Event
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|
A sequence diagram shows how ___ and ___ interact during a scenario.
|
Classes and objects
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|
What are the two types of flows in a sequence diagram?
|
- Asynchronous Flow (aka signal) - Procedural Flow |
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|
What is "Procedural Flow" in a sequence diagram?
|
Transfer to the receiving object. Sender cannot act until a return message is received.
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What is "Asynchronous Flow" in a sequence diagram?
|
Allows the object to continue with its own processing after sending the signal. The object may send many signals simultaneously, but may only accept one signal at a time.
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What are the advantages of the "Sequence Diagram" technique?
|
May be used in object-oriented analysis to validate class diagrams against use cases, or to show timing of interactions between entities within the system scope
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What are the disadvantages of the "Sequence Diagram" technique?
|
- One must be defined for each possible scenario - Requires a fully defined class model (data model) |
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|
What is the purpose of the "State Diagram" technique?
|
Shows how the behavior of a concept, entity or object changes in response to events. |
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|
What is a "State Diagram"?
|
A diagram that specifies a sequence of states that an object goes through during its lifetime, and defines which events cause a transition between those states.
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|
What are some other names for a "State Diagram"?
|
- State Machine Diagram - State Transition Diagram - Entity Life Cycle Diagram |
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What are the elements of a "State Diagram"?
|
- States - Transitions |
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What is a "State" in a State Diagram"?
|
Represents a unique condition that an object can be in or status that it may have. |
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|
True or False: All states for an object are mutually exclusive - an object can be in only one state at a time.
|
TRUE
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What is a "Transition" in a state diagram?
|
Represents dynamic behavior that moves an item from one state to another, triggered by activities completed, events, or other stimuli.
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What are the advantages of the "State Diagram" technique?
|
- Often uncovers missing data, control, and behavioral requirements - May be helpful to clarify confusing or conflicting requirements |
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|
What are the disadvantages of the "State Diagram" technique?
|
- May unintentionally expand the scope - Each state should be validated to determine relevancy to solution scope; if not, should not be modeled |
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|
What is the purpose of the "Structured Walkthrough" technique?
|
To communicate, verify, and validate requirements. |
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|
What is a "Structured Walkthrough"?
|
It is a working session to review and discuss a set of requirements. Participants may ask questions, make comments and suggestions. Other issues may also be identified during the session.
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What is one possible result of a structured walkthrough?
|
Revised requirements and identified issues that require investigation.
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|
|
What is another name for a structured walkthrough?
|
Requirements Review
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|
What are the elements of a "Structured Walkthrough"?
|
- Pre-requisites - Process - Rules to be followed |
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|
What are the prerequisites needed in order to hold a structured review?
|
- Complete Requirements Package - List of appropriate reviewers - Meeting vehicle |
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|
What types of "appropriate reviewers" should be included in a Structured Walkthrough?
|
- Knowledgeable representatives of stakeholders who contributed to the requirements - Knowledgeable representatives of stakeholders who will use the requirements in development of the solution - Reviewers representing project sponsor or end users who are authorized to make decisions as their representatives (proxy delegation) |
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|
What "meeting vehicles" might be used for a structured walkthrough?
|
- Conference Room - Technical facility for remote participation (collaboration tool, videoconference, internet meeting software, etc.) |
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|
What should the BA provide to participants of a Structured Walkthrough when beginning the session?
|
A checklist of items for which the reviewer should be looking |
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|
What are the steps of the process of a Structured Walkthrough?
|
- Organize and schedule review - Conduct the review - Compile notes and results of the review - Re-review if necessary |
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|
What roles are included in a structured walkthrough?
|
- Author - Scribe - Moderator - Peer - Reviewer |
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|
Which roles are mandatory in order to hold a structured walkthrough?
|
- Author - Moderator |
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|
What are some rules of a structured walkthrough?
|
- Supervisors/managers, esp. of the author, should exercise caution if attending- Reviewers must comment on the content, not the author- Participants must review the document before the session |
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|
What deliverables are produced at the end of a structured walkthrough?
|
List of questions, comments, concerns, and suggestions compiled during the session
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|
What are the advantages of the "structured walkthrough" technique?
|
- Promotes discussion of the requirements and stakeholders - Effective at identifying possible ambiguities and areas of misunderstanding |
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|
What are the disadvantages of the "structured walkthrough" technique?
|
- Can lead to repeated revisions if changes are not carefully managed - The review/revise cycle can result in a lengthy approval process |
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|
What is the purpose of the "Survey/Questionnaire" technique? (9.31)
|
A means of eliciting information from many people, sometimes anonymously, in a relatively short period of time. |
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|
A survey can collect information about which types of things?
|
Customers, products, work practices, and attitudes |
|
|
What is another name for a survey?
|
Questionnaire
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|
|
What is a survey?
|
A set of written questions to the stakeholders and subject matter experts. |
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|
What are the two types of questions in a survey?
|
- Open-ended - Closed-ended |
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|
What are the elements of a survey?
|
- Prepare - Distribute - Document Results |
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|
What are the steps to prepare for administering a survey?
|
- Define the purpose and selected target group - Choose the appropriate survey type - Select the sample group - Select the distribution and collection methods- Project the desired level of response - Determine if the survey should be supported with interviews - Write the survey questions |
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|
When writing survey questions, what should consider?
|
- Communicating the purpose - Cognizance of the group's characteristics - Focus on the requirements - Testing the survey |
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|
When writing survey questions, what should be avoided?
|
- Double questions in a single question - Complex branching structures - Questions that make respondents uncomfortable |
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|
Distribution means for a survey should be selected according to what?
|
- Organizational policies - Urgency of obtaining results - Level of security required - Geographic distribution of the respondents |
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|
What are the pros of surveys?
|
- Closed-end questions are good for quantitative data - Open-ended questions may yield insights and opinions not easily obtained in other ways - Doesn't require significant time from stakeholders - Effective and efficient for dispersed stakeholders - May result in a large number of responses - Quick and relatively inexpensive |
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|
What are the cons of surveys?
|
- Open-ended question response may required additional analysis - Special skills in statistical analysis may be needed to ensure unbiased results - Questions may be left unanswered due to ambiguity - May require follow-up or more surveys - Not well-suited for collecting information on actual behaviors - Response rate may be too low for statistical significance |
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|
What is the purpose of the "SWOT Analysis" technique? (9.32)
|
To quickly analyze various aspects of the current state of the business process undergoing change. |
|
|
What does the acronym SWOT stand for?
|
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats |
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|
What is SWOT a framework for?
|
Strategic planning, opportunity analysis, competitive analysis, and business and product development |
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|
What are the steps to conduct a SWOT analysis?
|
- Draw a grid or matrix - Describe the issue/problem at the top of the grid - Brainstorm and fill out each section of the grid - Discuss results - Once validated, discussion isolutions to the problem |
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|
Which two aspects of SWOT analysis are internal factors to the organization?
|
Strengths & Weaknesses
|
|
|
Which two aspects of SWOT analysis are external factors to the organization?
|
Threats & Opportunities
|
|
|
What are the pros of SWOT Analysis?
|
Helps quickly analyze various aspects of the current state and its environment prior to identifying potential solutions.
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|
|
What are the cons of SWOT Analysis?
|
It's a very high-level view; more detailed analysis is almost always needed.
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|
What is the purpose of the "User Stories" technique? (9.33)
|
To describe functionality that users need from a solution to meet a business objective.
|
|
|
What is a user story?
|
A text description of the things that the solution needs to allow users to do.
|
|
|
What are the components of a user story?
|
- Actor - Description - Benefit |
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|
What level of detail needs to be included in a user story?
|
Only the amount needed to reduce the risk of misunderstanding by developers that create the estimate. |
|
|
What are the pros of user stories?
|
- Create an environment of customer ownership - May eliminate the need to provide functional requirements - Value delivered is clearly articulated |
|
|
What are the cons of user stories?
|
- Not the best technique when regulatory restrictions exist or the org mandates documentation - May not be effective when participants are not co-located - Does not explicitly address documenting non-functional requirements |
|
|
What is the purpose of the "Vendor Assessment" technique? (9.34)
|
To assess the ability of a potential vendor to meet commitments regarding a product or service.
|
|
|
What are the elements of a vendor assessment?
|
- Knowledge and expertise - Licensing and pricing models - Product reputation and market position - Terms and conditions - Vendor experience and reputation - Vendor stability |
|
|
What are the pros of vendor assessments?
|
- Reduces the risk of developing a relationship with an unsuitable vendor - Likely to improve long-term satisfaction with the decision |
|
|
What are the cons of vendor assessments?
|
- Can be time-consuming to gather sufficient information on multiple vendors - Some information may not be readily available - Vendors with new and innovative products may score poorly because they do not have a significant history in the market |
