Botany Lab Exam 1

Front 1

arm

Back 1

extends from the base to the optical parts of the microscope and supports the stage

Front 2

base

Back 2

the bottom of the scope that supports the arm and contains the illuminator

Front 3

coarse focus adjustment

Back 3

rapidly moves the stage to up or down for focusing, use only in the scanning objective

Front 4

condenser

Back 4

a lens below the stage that concentrates the illuminator's light on the specimen being viewed

Front 5

diaphragm adjustment lever

Back 5

opens or closes an iris near the condenser, to adjust the amount of light on the specimen; different settings for each objective

Front 6

eyepiece/ocular lens

Back 6

magnifies the image of your specimen by the amount indicated on the side of the eyepiece

Front 7

field of vision (FOV)

Back 7

The entire image that you see when you look into a mircoscope

Front 8

fine focus adjustment

Back 8

slowly moves the stage up or down to fine tune the focus after you change from one objective to another

Front 9

high power (40x)

Back 9

only used after the low power objective, use fine focus only

Front 10

illuminator

Back 10

the light source for the microscope

Front 11

low power (10x)

Back 11

only used after scanning, use fine focus only

Front 12

nosepiece

Back 12

set of revolving objective lenses

Front 13

scanning objective (4x)

Back 13

always used first, can use coarse and fine focus

Front 14

stage

Back 14

the platform that holds a slide

Front 15

collenchyma

Back 15

give flexible support to expanding leaves, stems, and petioles

- unevenly thick wall, only primary wall

- alive at maturity

Front 16

Companion Cell

Back 16

contain nucleas and energy making components needed for the sieve element

Front 17

cuticle

Back 17

coat primary plant body with hydrophobic waterproofing layer

Front 18

cortex

Back 18

meant for storage, usually contains parenchyma cells

Front 19

dermal tissue

Back 19

"skin", covers the plant body, aborbs water, minimizes water loss, regulates gas exchange, protection against herbivores

Front 20

epidermis

Back 20

single layer of cells covering primary plant body

Front 21

fiber

Back 21

a type of sclerenchyma cell, long & thin, usually near vascular tissue

- useful fibers include jute, hemp, & flax

Front 22

ground tissue

Back 22

comprises most of plant bod, for support, storage, and PS

Front 23

meristematic tissue

Back 23

where cell division occurs for growth

Front 24

parenchyma

Back 24

most numerous and versatile cell type, used for PS in leaves & stems, storage

- alive at maturity

- only thin primary wall

Front 25

perforation plate

Back 25

found in sieve elements, has thin walls

Front 26

periderm

Back 26

the outer layer of woody tissues, consists of phelloderm, cork, and cork cambium

Front 27

primary pholem

Back 27

Transports sugar from surplus to where they are needed

Front 28

secondary pholem

Back 28

inner most layer of bark

Front 29

pit

Back 29

tracheids use these connections to transport water from tracheid to tracheid

Front 30

sclereid

Back 30

type of sclerenchyma, irregular shapes single, single or layers, often in hard parts of seeds or fruits

Front 31

sclerenchyma

Back 31

type of cell used for support or physically protect non-growing parts in leaves, stems, roots, bark, seed coats, fruits

Front 32

sieve element

Back 32

contains primary cell wall and cytosol

Front 33

sieve plate

Back 33

thin end wall with large perforations

Front 34

Primary growth

Back 34

for lengthing of the plant

Front 35

secondary growth

Back 35

for growing of the thickness of the plant

Front 36

tracheid

Back 36

long, narrow, tapered cells , transports water

Front 37

vascular tissue

Back 37

"plumbing", transports water, nutrients and carbohydrates

Front 38

vessel element

Back 38

only in angiosperms, transport more water and more effeciently

Front 39

secondary xylem

Back 39

wood

Front 40

primary xylem

Back 40

transport water throughout the plant

Front 41

cotyledon

Back 41

embryonic leaves

Front 42

epicotyl

Back 42

stem above the cotyledon

Front 43

ground meristem

Back 43

becomes ground tissue

Front 44

hilium

Back 44

scar where the supply of nutrients and wastes come from

Front 45

hypocotyl

Back 45

transition from stem to root

Front 46

microphyle

Back 46

hole through which the pollen tube delivered the sperm

Front 47

procambium

Back 47

becomes vascular tissue

Front 48

protoderm

Back 48

becomes the epidermis

Front 49

radicle

Back 49

embryonic root

Front 50

seed coat

Back 50

outside covering

Front 51

axillary bud

Back 51

bud for growth on every branch

Front 52

axillay bud primordia

Back 52

immature axillary bud

Front 53

axillary meristem

Back 53

place where growth of an axillary bud happens

Front 54

corm

Back 54

vertical underground fleshy stem

Front 55

internode

Back 55

region between nodes

Front 56

leaf scar

Back 56

where a leaf dropped off

Front 57

lenticel

Back 57

bumps on the bark used for gas exchange

Front 58

node

Back 58

leaf or a leaf scar + axillary bud or branch

Front 59

phyllotaxy

Back 59

pattern of leaves/axillary buds on stems

Front 60

alternate phyllotaxy

Back 60

where leaves are arranged every other node

Front 61

opposite phyllotaxy

Back 61

there are two leaves at every node

Front 62

whorled phyllotaxy

Back 62

more than 2 leaves at every node

Front 63

prickle

Back 63

modified epidermis

Front 64

thorn

Back 64

modified stem

Front 65

spine

Back 65

modified leaf or leaf part

Front 66

rhizome

Back 66

underground horizontal stem

Front 67

rosette stem

Back 67

very short stems with short internodes

Front 68

shoot apical meristem

Back 68

responsible for primary growth (elongation) and generating the structure of the stem

Front 69

stem tuber

Back 69

used for storage

Front 70

terminal bud

Back 70

cover dormant apical meristems

Front 71

tendril

Back 71

helps pull the plant up by tightly coiling around something

Front 72

twining stems

Back 72

wrap around something in order to gain height by the stem

Front 73

Adventitious root

Back 73

root coming from stem

Front 74

apoplastic pathway

Back 74

water flows through cell walls and intracellular spaces, solutes move with the flow by diffusion

Front 75

branch roots

Back 75

lateral roots that originate from the pericycle just inside the endodermis

Front 76

casparian strip

Back 76

endodermis has waxy band of suberin in 4 of 6 walls

Front 77

contractile root

Back 77

elongate into the soil and anchor at the tip

Front 78

endodermis

Back 78

innermost layer of cortex

Front 79

fibrous root system

Back 79

root system arises from adventitious roots emerging from stem, common in monocots

Front 80

taproot system

Back 80

radicle forms lasting taproot and all other roots branch from it, typical of dicots

Front 81

mucigel

Back 81

slimy polysaccaride lubricant from root cap and root hairs

Front 82

pericycle

Back 82

meristematic layer that initiates root branches

Front 83

root apical meristem

Back 83

responsible for elongation of the root

Front 84

root cap

Back 84

protect root apical meristem from being crushed

Front 85

root hair

Back 85

increase surface area by penetrating small spaces in soil

Front 86

root tuber

Back 86

smaller branch root e.g. sweet potato

Front 87

symplastic pathway

Back 87

water moves by plasmodesmata in cellular membranes and living cells

Front 88

stele

Back 88

vascular cylinder

Front 89

axial system

Back 89

moves fluids lengthwise, along stems axis

Front 90

bark

Back 90

everything outside the vascular cambium

Front 91

cork

Back 91

dead, full of suberins, tannins

Front 92

cork cambium

Back 92

meristematic, makes cork and phelloderm

Front 93

transverse cut

Back 93

cut that shows horizonal axis, that includes pith and annual growth rings

Front 94

diffuse porous wood

Back 94

vessels that are uniform throughout

Front 95

hardwood

Back 95

found in woody dicot angiosperms

Front 96

heartwood

Back 96

older, darker, nonfunctional, filled with rot resistant and insect repellant chemicals

Front 97

sapwood

Back 97

lighter wood, lighter, functional

Front 98

late wood

Back 98

summer wood, smaller diameter xylem cells

Front 99

phelloderm

Back 99

consists of living cells of parenchyma

Front 100

ray

Back 100

tracheids

Front 101

ring porous hardwood

Back 101

xylem more numerous in early wood rather than late wood

Front 102

blade

Back 102

catches sunlightq

Front 103

bulliform cells

Back 103

large epidermal cells on upper surface of the leaf

Front 104

bundle scar

Back 104

where vascular tissue was

Front 105

study

Back 105

hard