Botany 215 Exam 3

Front 1

T or F: Seedless vascular plants produce only spores, not seeds.

Back 1

True

Front 2

T or F: Seed plants only produce seeds, not spores.

Back 2

False. Seed plants produce spores and seeds.

Front 3

What is Lycopodiophyta?

Does it have micro or megaphylls?

Where are the spores located?

Back 3

A seedless vascular plant: club mosses, ground pine.

microphyll

spores in unfused sporangia, often in terminal cone

Front 4

What are the characteristics of the gametophyte in a seedless vascular plant?

Back 4

1. gametophyte is significantly smaller than the sporophyte.

2. anchored by rhizoids

3. lacks vascular tissue, leaves and roots

4. produce archegonia and antheridia

5. Water is required to move sperm.

Front 5

What is required for fertilization of a seedless vascular plant?

Back 5

water

Front 6

Seedless vascular plants organize their sporangia in these three distinct structures.

Back 6

1. Strobilus ( cone-like) /

2. Sorus /

3. Synangium

Front 7

What is a sporophyll?

Back 7

modified leaves or leaf like organs that bear the spore-producing sporangia

Front 8

What are the three parts of a strobilus?

Back 8

1. Sporangium (attached to) /

2. Sporophyll (attached to) /

3. Axis (stem with xylem and phloem)

Front 9

What is a strobilus?

Back 9

Short, unbranched determinate stem w/ very short internodes and spore-bearing appendages (sporophylls)

Front 10

What is a sorus?

Back 10

Sporangia that are in groups, usually on underside of leaf. Usually found on most ferns.

Front 11

The sporangia in a sorus is protected by:

Back 11

the indusium

Front 12

What is a synangium?

Back 12

Sporangia fused into a single structure.

On a stem or leaf.

Front 13

How is sexual expression of the gametophyte determined in homosporous spores?

Back 13

external factors (e.g., environment)

Front 14

T or F: Homosporous spores are different sizes and shapes.

Back 14

False. All homosporous spores are the same size and shape.

Front 15

The sex of the gametophyte is genetically predetermined in what type of spores?

Back 15

heterosporous spores

Front 16

Male gametophytes of heterosporous plants produce ________ in ___________ which are attached to ___________

Back 16

microspores

microsporangium

microsporophylls

Front 17

Microspores grow into______________

Back 17

microgametophytes (male)

Front 18

Female gametophytes of heterosporous plants produce_______ in ___________ which are attached to __________.

Back 18

megaspores

megasporangia

megasporophylls

Front 19

Megaspores grow into _________________

Back 19

megagametophytes (female)

Front 20

Is a heterosporous plant dioecious or monoecious? Or can it be both?

Back 20

All heterosporous plants must be dioecious.

Front 21

Is a homosporous plant dioecious or monoecious? Or can it be both?

Back 21

A homosporous plant can be either dioecious or monoecious.

Front 22

Monoecious plant is...

Back 22

a hermaphroditic gametophyte, meaning that it can produce both male and female gametangia on the same gametophyte individual, and is capable of fertilizing itself.

Front 23

A dioecious plant is...

Back 23

needs two different gametophyte individuals (male and female) each possessing only archegonia or antheridia to procreate (fertilization).

Front 24

T or F: A heterosporous plant will always be dioecious.

Back 24

True

Front 25

Fertilization of a non-seed vascular plant results in...

Back 25

a diploid sporophyte that grows from gametophyte.

Front 26

A mother cell in a sporangium of a fern is also called a _________ and goes through ___________ to produce tetrad spores.

Back 26

sporocyte /

meiosis

Front 27

Gymnosperms are:

Back 27

vascular plants with "naked" seeds. (not protected by fruit)

not enclosed in pistil.

ex: pinecones

Front 28

Angiosperms are:

Back 28

vascular plants with seeds protected by fruit.

Front 29

An ovule is:

Back 29

An unfertilized seed.

Front 30

An ovule ploidy is:

Back 30

2n

Front 31

In a seed plant, each ______________ produces four ________________ but only one survives.

Back 31

megasporocyte /

megaspores

Front 32

T or F: In a seed plant, the megaspore is released from the megasporangium to produce a megagametophyte individual.

Back 32

False. The megaspore is never released from the megasporangium.

Front 33

How many mega spores are produced by the megasporocyte?

Back 33

4.

Front 34

How many viable megaspores are produced by each megasporocyte?

Back 34

only 1. The other 3 deteriorate.

Front 35

In a seed plant, where is the megagametophyte found?

Back 35

in the megasporangium (or ovule)

Front 36

In a seed plant, microgametophytes are also known as ...

Back 36

pollen grains

Front 37

In a seed plant, where does the male gametophyte mature?

Back 37

inside the microsporangium

Front 38

In a seed plant, how does pollination occur?

Back 38

Environmental factors such as wind or by a pollinator, like a bee, other insect or other animal.

Front 39

In a seed plant, what is the megasporangium structure called before it is fertilized?

Back 39

an ovule. (before fertilization)

Front 40

In a seed plant, what is the opening called that a sperm enters to fertilize the seed?

Back 40

micropyle

Front 41

What is the outer wall structure of an ovule/ called?

Back 41

integument

Front 42

At the beginning of the lifecycle of the ovule, what can be found in its center ?

Back 42

A megasporocyte.

Front 43

In a seed plant where can you find the entire lifecycle of the female gametophyte?

Back 43

In the ovule.

Front 44

In a seed plant, explain what happens from the megasporocyte to pollination and include ploidys of structures.

Back 44

Megasporocyte (2n) undergoes meiosis to produce 4 megaspores(n). Only one megaspore(n) survives. The other 3 deteriorate. Surviving megaspore undergoes mitosis creating a megagametophyte(n) with egg(n). Eventually, microgametophyte(n), or pollen grain(n) with sperm (n) enters through micropyle and fertilizes the egg (n) (pollination) creating a zygote/embryo (2n). At fertilization the ovule(n) is now called a seed (2n)

Front 45

An ovule is made up of what structures? (include ploidy)

Back 45

Integument (2n) /

megagametophyte tissue (n) /

egg (n) /

The ovule itself is 2n.

Front 46

Once an ovule becomes fertilized, what do these structures become?

integuments /

fertilized egg /

megagametophyte

Back 46

seed coat /

embryo /

stored food

Front 47

What is the seed coat?

Back 47

outer protective covering of seed

Front 48

What are the three structures of a seed?

Back 48

1. seed coat /

2. nutritive tissue ( in gymnosperms this is the female gametophyte, in angiosperms this is the endosperm (3n) /

3. embryo

Front 49

What are the three parts of a seed embryo?

Back 49

1. cotyledon /

2.hypocotyl /

3.radicle

Front 50

What is the cotyledon and what is its function?

Back 50

It is the part of the seed structure that is the first leaves of the seed. Its function is to store or absorb food.

Front 51

What is the hypocotyl?

Back 51

axial part of the embryo or seedling located between the cotyledon(s) and the radicle

Front 52

What is a radicle?

Back 52

embryonic root

Front 53

What are the reproductive advantages of seeds?

Back 53

1. Seeds have a well-developed, multicellular young sporophyte with root, stem and leaves already formed /

2. integrated food supply so seed can be self-sufficient. /

3. protected from physical and chemical damage by seed coat and parent plant.

Front 54

Describe the structure of a gymnosperm microstrobilus:

Back 54

short, small, fleshy cone at the end of branches.

microsporangium connected directly to the microsporophyll, connected to the unbranched axis.

Front 55

The male gametophyte of a gymnosperm is made up of how many cells?

Back 55

4

Front 56

The male gametophyte of a gymnosperm has 4 cells... name them:

Back 56

2 prothallial cells

1 tube cell

1 generative cell

Front 57

What cell in a microgametophyte of a gymnosperm produces microgametes?

Back 57

the generative cell

Front 58

What does the generative cell of a microgametophyte in a gymnosperm do?

Back 58

Produces 2 non flagellate sperm nuclei (microgametes)

Front 59

How could you recognize a microgamete from a gymnosperm?

Back 59

It has wings, and looks like a mickey mouse head.

Front 60

Describe the structure of a gymnosperm megastrobilus:

Back 60

Compound cone name of fused pine needles. Ovule is attached to ovuliferous scales, which is attached to the megasporophyll, which is attached to the unbranched axis.

Front 61

In a gymnosperm megastrobilus, what is the piece of tissue that seperates the ovule from the megasporophyll?

Back 61

Ovuliferous scale

Front 62

What ploidy is a micro/megastrobilus?

Back 62

2n

Front 63

Describe the pollination and fertilization of a gymnosperm ovule

Back 63

Pollen grain lands on micropyle of ovule. Tube cell from 4-celled winged pollen grain creates pollen tubes so sperm can reach the archegonium of female gametophyte. 1 sperm nucleus fuses with 1 egg nucleus to form zygote/embryo. Ovule becomes seed, still attached to ovuliferous scale. Sporophylls of cone, relate seed (with scale) for germination into mature sporophyte.

Front 64

T or F: Gymnosperms grow very slowly.

Back 64

True

Front 65

The xylem of angiosperms contain:

Back 65

vessels and tracheids

Front 66

The phloem of angiosperms contain:

Back 66

sieve members and companion cells.

Front 67

A flower is also known as a:

Back 67

bisporangiate strobilus

Front 68

T or F: A bisporangiate strobilus contains whorls of only fertile appendages.

Back 68

False. They contain whorls of sterile and fertile appendages.

Front 69

What are the sterile appendages of a flower (bisporangiate strobilus)

Back 69

Receptacle /

Sepals /

Petals

Front 70

What is the function of the receptacle of the flower?

Back 70

holds the whorls. /

part of flower stalk to which floral parts are attached. /

platform that holds everything together.

Front 71

What is the function of sepals on flowers?

Back 71

protect developing bud

Front 72

What is the function of petals on flowers?

Back 72

1. Protect fertile appendages /

2. Attract specific pollinators ( dots glow... act like landing strips for insects)

Front 73

Where is the receptacle of a flower located?

Back 73

At the base of the pistil. Where the stem meets the flower

Front 74

Where is the sepal of a flower located?

Back 74

They are the leaf like structures between the stem and the flower.

Front 75

What are the fertile appendages of flowers? (Houses)

Back 75

Androecium (male) /

Gynoecium (female)

Front 76

What is the androecium composed of?

Back 76

A stamen which is made of a filament and an anther.

Front 77

What is an androecium?

Back 77

modified microsporophylls w/microsporangia

Front 78

What is a stamen composed of?

Back 78

filament and anther

Front 79

What does the filament of the stamen do?

Back 79

Elevates anther for pollen dispersal.

Front 80

What does the anther contain?

Back 80

4 microsporangia (pollen sacks) fused together.

Front 81

Describe the microgametophyte production of an angiosperm with ploidy:

Back 81

The anther (2n) is composed of 4 microsporangia (2n) that hold microsporocytes(2n). The microsporocytes go through meiosis to produce microspores (n). Microspores go through mitosis to form microgametophytes(n) which produce pollen grains(n) . When pollen grains are mature, the anther breaks open, releasing the pollen grains.

Front 82

The microgametophyte of an angiosperm is made up of how many cells ?

Back 82

2

Front 83

What are the two cells in a microgametophyte of an angiosperm called?

Back 83

generative cell

tube cell

Front 84

The generative cell of an Angiosperm microgametophyte produces:

Back 84

microgametes (2 sperm nuclei)

Front 85

Lycopodiophyta have:

Back 85

microphylls

Front 86

Monilophyta have:

Back 86

megaphylls

Front 87

What is a gynoecium?

Back 87

a megasporophyll evolutionarily modified to enclose ovule(s)

Front 88

What is a carpel?

Back 88

1 megasporophyll w/ovule(s)

Front 89

What is a pistil?

Back 89

1 or more fused carpels

Front 90

What is the pistil made of?

Back 90

stigma /

style /

ovary

Front 91

Where is the stigma of the pistil, and what is its function?

Back 91

It is located at the top of the pistil and it is a sticky pollen receptor

Front 92

What is the style of the pistil?

Back 92

It is the long stalk that connects the stigma and ovary.

Front 93

Where is the ovary of a pistil found and what is its function?

Back 93

It is at the base of the style, sitting on top of the receptacle. It encloses the ovules. It is considered the megasporangia of angiosperms.

Front 94

The ovary in a flower may be partitioned into:

Back 94

locules

Front 95

What are locules?

Back 95

chambers holding ovules that are located in the ovary of the flower (ovary is located at the base of the pistil)

Front 96

An angiosperm ovule holds what? ( What is the megagametophyte?)

Back 96

A 7-celled, 8 nucleate embryo sac.

Front 97

How many cells does the embryonic sac of an angiosperm have?

Back 97

7 cells, 1 having 2 nucleuses.

Front 98

Explain the components of a mature female gametophyte of an angiosperm.

Back 98

7 celled, 8 nucleate embryo sac.

Front 99

What is the cell called in an angiosperm female gametophyte that has 2 nuclei?

Back 99

polar cell

Front 100

What type of plant has double fertilization?

Back 100

Angiosperms

Front 101

What is double fertilization?

Back 101

2 sperm nuclei move down pollen tube towards egg. 1 sperm cell fuses with egg to produce a zygote. The other sperm fuses with fused polar nuclei to from 3n endosperm

Front 102

How is endosperm created?

Back 102

1 sperm nuclei fuses with the polar cell which has 2 nuclei to form a 3n endosperm.

Front 103

In an angiosperm, after fertilization, the ovule becomes a _________ and the ovary becomes a ___________.

Back 103

seed /

fruit

Front 104

What is a fruit?

Back 104

mature, fertilized ovary

Front 105

What is the function of fruit?

Back 105

to protect and disperse seeds.

Front 106

What are examples of fruits derived from one flower?

Back 106

cucumber (pepo) /

peanut (legume=dry fruit) /

coconut (drupe) /

strawberry( aggregate fruit)

Front 107

What is a "pepo" fruit?

Back 107

A fruit developed from a single flower w/ multiple carpels. (ex. cucumber)

Front 108

What is a legume?

Back 108

A dry fruit (ex. peanut)

Front 109

What is a drupe?

Back 109

A fleshy fruit w/hard stony pit containing one seed. (ex. coconut, peaches, avocados)

Front 110

What is an aggregate fruit?

Back 110

fusion of multiple ovaries of the same flower (ex. strawberry and raspberries)

Front 111

Fruits derived from multiple flowers are:

Back 111

multiple fruits in one. (ex. pineapple- developed from clusters of flowers)

Front 112

what is the function of endosperm?

Back 112

Produces food for embryo.

Front 113

What is a hormone?

Back 113

Organic compound produced in one part of plant and transported to another part, where it elicits a response.

Front 114

What is the function of hormones?

Back 114

Influences development and physiological function

Front 115

How do hormones work?

Back 115

Chemical structure and concentration differences determine functional differences that stimulate or inhibit different responses.

Front 116

What are the 5 classes of hormones?

Back 116

1. Auxins /

2. Gibberellins /

3. Cytokinins /

4. Ethylene /

5. Abscisic acid

Front 117

What is the main function of auxins?

Back 117

regulate growth by triggering cell elongation.

Front 118

Where are auxin usually produced?

Back 118

apical meristem

Front 119

Why does snipping off the shoot apical meristem create a bushier plant?

Back 119

Because the hormone auxin produced in the SAM inhibits production of axillary buds.

Front 120

What hormone is responsible for helping a plant to grow toward light? How does it do this?

Back 120

Auxins! /

Auxin is released on dark side of shoot which results in cell elongation so that shoot will grow towards sunlight.

Front 121

What is gravitropism?

Back 121

Growth responses to gravity

Front 122

What is thigmotropism?

Back 122

Growth responses to touch.

Front 123

What is the main function of gibberellins?

Back 123

promote stem and leaf elongation by stimulating cells to divide and elongate.

Front 124

What hormone can substitute for low temperature requirements in some plants?

Back 124

gibberellins

Front 125

What hormone can stimulate flowering in some plants?

Back 125

gibberellins

Front 126

What hormone can aid in larger fruit development?

Back 126

gibberellins

Front 127

What is the main function of cytokinins?

Back 127

induces cytokinesis and promotes differentiation.

Front 128

What hormone must be present in order for cells to divide?

Back 128

cytokinins

Front 129

What hormone can delay senescence? ( anti-aging effect?)

Back 129

cytokinins

Front 130

What is the main function of Ethylene?

Back 130

stimulates fruit ripening and abscission (detachment of organ from plant body)

Front 131

What is abscission?

Back 131

detachment of organ from plant body

Front 132

Where is ethylene produced when leaves are about to fall off trees?

Back 132

abscission zone

Front 133

What hormone is responsible for sprouting of potato buds?

Back 133

Ethylene

Front 134

Which plant hormone is in gas form?

Back 134

Ethylene

Front 135

What is the main function of abscisic acid?

Back 135

promotes bud and seed dormancy /

promotes changes in plant tissues under stress /

or exposure to unfavorable conditions.

Front 136

What is considered the stress hormone?

Back 136

Abscisic Acid

Front 137

What hormone is responsible for stomate closing in response to drought?

Back 137

Abscisic Acid

Front 138

What hormone promotes dormancy in response to harsh temperatures, osmotic stress, etc.?

Back 138

abscisic acid

Front 139

What hormone induces gene transcription especially for proteinase inhibitors in response to wounding?

Back 139

Abscisic acid

Front 140

What hormone(s) promotes seed germination?

Back 140

Ethylene and gibberellins

Front 141

What hormone is involved in plant responses to wounding or microorganism invasion?

Back 141

Ethylene

Front 142

What hormone interacts with auxin to control apical dominance?

Back 142

Cytokinins

Front 143

What hormone is involved in establishing partnerships between plant roots and beneficial bacteria and fungi (symbiotic relationships)?

Back 143

cytokinins

Front 144

What hormone is involved in chloroplast development?

Back 144

cytokinins