Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the most important crops of the Family Poaceae
|
The grasses are part of this family
- Wheat - Rice - Corn |
|
|
What are the morphological characteristics of the grasses that were first selected for
|
1. select for upper fruit only on a single stem
2. short stem/uniformity- to prevent lodging 3. uniform fruiting time- tiller growth |
|
|
What are the steps for harvesting the grasses
|
1. shattering: removal of the grain from the spikelet
2. winnowing: removal of the bracts from the grain 3. threshing: separates the grain from the chaff 4. market |
|
|
What is husking
|
Term for the removal of the bran layer of a grain
|
|
|
What is pearling
|
Term for the removal of the germ of a grain
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of emmer wheat
|
Type of wheat resulting from a cross with Einkorn wheat (AA) and a goat grass (BB).
- Grains are covered in clinging bracts and contain a small aleurone layer. - Mostly used for animal feed, especially currently o Not so good for human consumption |
|
|
What are the characteristics of duram wheat
|
Type of wheat that is free-threshing and has an increased amount of protein (gluten).
- When mixed with water and cooking/heating to soften it → produced pasta, macaroni, and primitive bread |
|
|
What are the characteristics of bread wheat
|
Type of wheat, AABBDD 42n hexaploid, that makes up 90% of the world wheat production.
- Greater tolerance to environmental conditions - More protein than duram wheat, becomes elastic in water, and undergoes fermentation with yeast → bread |
|
|
What are the advancements for wheat production in the United States
|
1. Advent of “Turkey” Wheat around 1870’s (from Istanbul)
2. Breeding for ‘Rust’ resistance – Puccinia graminis 3. Advent of the steel roller grain mills |
|
|
What are the types of starch
|
Amylose: not branched chain of glucose molecules- “hard” starch (packs tightly)
Amylopectin: highly branched chain of glucose molecules- “soft” starch (packs loosely) |
|
|
What are the characteristics of popcorn
|
This type of corn is an old variety, possibly the most primitive, cultivated by the Native Americans
- endosperm usually is soft in the inner most area with hard outside - does not require processing - moisture content prevents long shelf life- ideally between 13-14.5% |
|
|
What are the characteristics of pod corn
|
This type of corn may represent some part of an older lineage with larger bracts surrounding grain.
- requires processing - not grown commercially |
|
|
What are the characteristics of flint corn
|
This type of corn has wide, flat kernels with hard starch near outer part of kernel.
- grown by Native Americans, mostly in Northern expanse, for food |
|
|
What are the characteristics of flour corn
|
This type of corn has more “soft” starch in its endosperm than flint corn
- easier to grind and make a dough out of by mixing with water - grown by Native Americans |
|
|
What are the characteristics of dent corn
|
This type of corn has hard starch along sides and soft starch at the top and in the middle of the kernel.
- has mostly replaced flint and flour corn - current use as animal feed, corn starch, and corn meal |
|
|
What are the characteristics of sweet corn
|
This type of corn is a hybrid of dent & flint corns that produces more sugar (mostly shorter starch molecules) from the endosperm
- current use for human consumption |
|
|
What are the characteristics of waxy corn
|
This type of corn is from China and only contains amylopectin in its endosperm
|
|
|
What are the most common types of rice
|
Oryza sativa- long grain, main species cultivated
Oryza indica- long grains, do not stick together when cooked Oryza japonica- short grains, sticky when cooked Oryza javanica- large grains |
|
|
What are some vegetables of the species Brassica oleracea
|
- cabbage
- brussel sprouts - cauliflower - broccoli are all products of the species |
|
|
What is the family Solanum tuberosum, the Potato, belongs to
|
Solanaceae Family
|
|
|
What is the family Manihot esculenta, Cassava, belongs to
|
The Euphorbiaceae Family
|
|
|
What is the family Ipomoea batatas, Sweet Potatoes, belongs to
|
The Convolvulaceae Family
|
|
|
What are characteristics of sweet potatoes
|
This is a dicot storage root vegetable
- Central America ~10,000 |
|
|
What are characteristics of cassava
|
This is a perennial shrub vegetable known for large storage leaves.
- very short shelf life - from Central America (Brazil) - Used for mainly for tapioca in the U.S. - Large staple in Africa and Central Asia |
|
|
What are characteristics of potatoes
|
This is an annual vegetable high in starch
- Andes (Peru) - Later successfully bred for multiple climates |
