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150 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Bryophyte lifecycle is...?
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Sporophyte, as in all plants!
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Which is correct?
Bryophytes have a dominant (sporophyte/gametophyte). This is the (1n/2n) stage. |
gametophyte
1n |
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What are the 3 divisions of bryophytes (non-vascular plants)?
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Liverworts
Hornworts Mosses |
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The sporophyte stage of a bryophyte has branched sporophytes. T/F?
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False- the sporophyte is subordinate and unbranched.
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Xylem and phloem are present in mosses. T/F?
(Check this.) |
Maybe? at least hydroids, but NOT lignified, and def. NOT in other bryophytes.
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______ function as water and nutrients conducting tissues in bryophytes analogous to tracheids.
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Hydroids
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Tracheids are present in mosses. T/F?
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False.
Tracheids have a thick lignified cell wall, and at maturity the protoplast has broken down and disappeared- only present in Tracheophytes (Vascular plants)! |
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"Vessel elements" are tracheids found in _______.
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Angiosperms.
(not gymnosperms!) |
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Are fern allies (such as horsetails and lycopodium) bryophytes or tracheophytes?
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tracheopytes
They are vascular plants, but like ferns, they are spore bearing! |
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dominant gametophyte with subordinate sporophytes?
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bryophytes
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dominant sporophytes with subordinate gametophytes?
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Tracheophytes
(ferns, fern allies and seed bearing!) |
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land plants that have sporic meiosis with alternation of generations?
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embryophytes
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_______ is considered by many to be the third most abundant organic compound on planet earth after cellulose (+ hemicellulose) and chitin, respectively.
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Lignin
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Lignin is found in....?
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vascular cells and sclerenchyma (tracheids, vessel members, xylem fibers and sclereids).
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fibers are mad of 40%–50% ______,
15%-25% ______, and held (fused) together by ______ (15%–30%). |
cellulose (40%–50%)
hemicellulose (15%–25%) lignin (15%-30%) |
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_______ are monosporangiate.
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Bryophytes
(vs tracheophytes which are polysporangiate) |
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What is a microphyll?
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a small primitive sort of leaf found in fern allies
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what's a megaphyll?
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a large leaf found in ferns and seed plants.
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the "petiole" of a leaflet (of a compound leaf)?
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Rachis
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another word for leaflet?
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pinna
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What does polysporangiate mean?
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many sporangia on each sporophyte
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nonsexual phase (or an individual representing the phase) in the alternation of generations?
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sporophyte
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sexual phase (or an individual representing the phase) in the alternation of generations?
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gametophyte
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What are the 4 spore forming tracheophyte groups?
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Psilotophyta: whisk ferns
Lycopodiophyta : lycophytes Equisetophyta: horsetails Pteridophyta: ferns |
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What are the 5 seed forming tracheophyte divisions?
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Cycadophyta: cycads
Gingkophyta : the gingko tree Pinophyta: conifers Gnetophyta: gnetophytes Magnoliophyta: flowering plants |
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what are the 2 anthophytes?
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gnetophytes and angiosperms
plants with flowers or flower-like structures |
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What are 4 bryophyte-like characteristics of the ferns and fern allies?
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● bryophyte-like archegonium (usually)
● bryophyte-like antheridium (usually) ● some kinds have a photosynthetic bryophyte-like gametophyte ● they disperse via haploid spores (not seeds!) |
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What are 4 seed-plant-like characteristics of the ferns and fern allies?
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● polysporangiate (each sporophyte makes many sporangia) ● lignified vascular tissues ● true stems/ true leaves (vascular /veins) ● true roots (vascular) |
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Which plant is a good model of the earliest vascular land plant?
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Psilotum - a whisk fern (with weird gametophyte)
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name for clusters of sporangia?
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strobili (singular: strobilus)
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what event allowed a rapid burst of plant evlution?
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the evolution of the seed
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First vascular plant species?
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cooksonia. IT resembles the extant model Psilotum.
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gametangia are ______ and ______.
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archegonia and antheridia
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what is unique about the psilotum gametophyte (sexually reproducing stage)
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it is underground and bears both GAMETANGIA (antheridia and archgoinia) and RHIZOIDS (functions like a root in support or absorption).
Gametophyte is weird - achlorophyllous (not photosynthetic) and mycotrophic. No true roots, just underground stems (rhizomes) and rhizoids (some with tiny leaves). The sporophyte grows from this underground gametophyte. |
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what is unique about the psilotum sporophyte (NOT sexually reproducing stage)
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The sporophyte grows from this underground gametophyte.
Polysporangiate but only three per unit. (three sporangia fused into a TRILOBED SYNANGIUM) |
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What are the 3 extant genera of Lycopodia?
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Lycopodium – club “mosses” (homosporous)
Selaginella – spike “mosses” (heterosporous) Isoetes – quillworts (heterosporous) |
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what is a "Wort"?
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another word for a herbacious plant
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a sporophyll bears a _______
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sporangium
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homosporous plants produce _______ and relatively _____-lived ___-sexual gametophytes.
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homospores
long-lived bisexual |
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heterosporous plants produce _______ and relatively _____-lived ___-sexual gametophytes.
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heterospores (M&F)
Short-lived unisexual |
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lycopodium and selaginella:
which one is a hetreosporous fern ally and which is homosporous? |
Lycopodium: homosporous (bisexual gametophyte)
Selaginella: heterosporous (unisexual gametophytes) |
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Isoetes/quillworts are homo or hetero-sporous?
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hetrosporous
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lycopods have extincts relatives that once reached _______high.
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30 meters--about 90 feet!
(Ancestors of quillwort) |
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Name the Genus.
-Homosporous (bisexual gametophyte, as in bryophytes) -Strobilus consists of many clustered sporangiophores; each sporangiophore has 3-many sporangia. -Leaves (microphylls) are highly reduced. |
Horsetails (Equisetophyta)
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Equisetophyta Subg. Equisetum is dimorphic, meaning...?
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It has both sterile (vegetative) shoots, and fertile (reproductive)
shoots |
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Name for leaf (microphyll) arrangement found in horsetails?
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whorled
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A strobilus of a horsetail bears _______ which bears _______.
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Sporaniaphores (resembling a little mushroom)
Sporangia |
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In horsetails each spore is attached to 3 ______ which expand under desiccation.
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elaters
(greek: lifters) |
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family Pteridophyta?
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the FERNS
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The leaves of FERNS develop in a unique way called _____________ that results in a fiddlehead/ monkey-tail sort of configuration.
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circinate vernation
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What's a rhizome?
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The main stem of a plant that is horizontal &usually found underground,
In general, rhizomes have short internodes; they send out roots from the bottom of the nodes and new upward-growing shoots from the top of the nodes. |
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Difference between a rhizome and a stolon?
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Both are underground stems.
A rhizome is the main stem of the plant. Shoots grow directly from body of rhizome. A stolon sprouts from an existing stem, has long internodes, and generates new shoots at the end, such as in the strawberry plant. |
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Plant family with no actual aerial stem – just rhizomes. Roots are adventitious (but true roots).
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Ferns
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what's the special name for a fern leaf blade?
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frond
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Most ferns are eusporangiate or leptosporangiate?
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Lepto
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what is the "wood" in tree ferns?
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not true wood: "Trunk" is woven leaf petioles!
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Barren land is often colonized by which division of plants?
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ferns!
Pteridophyta |
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the "petiole" of a fern leaf?
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stipe
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what kind of sporangia (lepto or eu) can be seen with the naked eye?
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Eusporangia
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Leptosporangia are clustered in ____, each hidden by an ____.
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Sori
indusium |
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Leptosporania are HYGROSCOPIC (retained under some conditions of humidity and temperature). When desiccated, the ____ springs backwards opening the ______ and releasing spores.
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ANNULUS ("mohawk")
STOMIUM ("mouth") |
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Ferns of the genus _______ exhibit a relatively large intermediate kind of sporangium. (between lepto & Eusporangia)
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Osmunda
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the 3 kinds of leptosporangiate sori?
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sori with true indusia
sori with false indusia sori with no indusia or "naked sori" |
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In a fern: the gametophyte structure that bears gametangia. (1n, grows from a spore)
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Prothallus
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Some ferns are Heterosporous.
These heterosporous fern spores are contained in a ______, bearing microsporangia and megasporangia. |
sporocarp
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"roots" of a fern prothallus are actually ______.
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rhizoids
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3 landmark events in plant evolution?
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1- evolution of the embryo (colonization of land)
2- evolution of the seed habit (ovules and pollen) and 3-evolution of the flower! (and fruits) |
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gametophytes that develop within the spore wall and remain therefore, quite small (eg. selaginella)
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endosporic gametophytes
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spore plants with unisexual strobili evolved what innovation for sperm delivery to female strobil?
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Pollen! (first by wind)
*A pollen grain is nothing more than a highly miniaturized microgametophyte with thickened protective cell walls (to resist desiccation). |
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What innovation evolved for efficient pollenation?
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the ovule
(with megasporangium + megagametophyte+ integuments) |
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megagametophyte in seed plants vs. spore plants?
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Spore: develops outside the mother plant
Seed: develops in the mother plant (in an ovule) which provides nourishment and protection! |
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pollen enters the ovule though a pore called the ______.
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micropyle
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what is a nucellus?
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In seed plants: the central portion of an ovule in which the embryo sac develops; the megasporangium.
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Nucellus (megasporangium) surrounds what 2 things?
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megagametophyte and archgonia.
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the tube cell of a gymnosperm pollen grain produces .....?
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pollen tube (with tube nucleus)
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generative cell of a gymnosperm pollen grain will produce ....??
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2 sperm nucei
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Are microspores dispersed in the form of pollen?
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kind of - the microspore developes into a microgametophyte (pollen) just before dispersal
pollen grain =microspore containing microgametophyte (total of 4 cells in pine) |
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Sequence of travel for pollen/pollen tube? (gymnos)
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micropyle/integuments
pollen chamber megasporangium megagametophyte archegonium egg |
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the ovule becomes a seed when it contains....?
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the new sporophyte!
(sporophyte zygote) |
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the first cell of a new embryo is a ...?
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zygote
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a mature ovule is a ?
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seed
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a gymnosperm seed embryo feeds on what tissue?
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megagametophyte
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gymnosperm divisions with "swimming sperm" (thought to be primitive)?
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cycads and ginko
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gymnosperm divisions with non-motile sperm "delivered" by pollen tube (thought to be derived)?
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conifers and gnetophytes
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what type of leafing out occurs in cycads?
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circinate vernation
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flagella on ferns?
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MULTI flagellated
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A slow-growing, much reduced, short shoot, as in the ginkgo
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spur shoots
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which plant has paired ovules at tip of a peduncle?
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GINKO
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decumbent?
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have a horizontal base but ascending tips , as in juniper
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are pine strobili (cones) uni or bisexual?
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unisexual (males are smaller, wind dispersed)
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each pine scale has _____ovule(s)?
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2
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gentophytes are gymnosperms but share what 3 characteristics with angios?
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vessels
rapid fertilization double fertilization |
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Ephedra is a ...?
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gnetophyte
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Welwitschia is a ______with only 2 leaves that grow basally. Some are over 2000 years old!
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gnetophyte
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the earliest angio in the fossil record?
(not necessarily the oldest in existence though) |
Archaefructus
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Archaefructus fossils are from ______MYA and were found amongst _______.
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144 mya
small feathered dinosaurs |
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the angios originated and diversified in what period?
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late cretaceous
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Chicxulub
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the impact at the KT boundary
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what did Chicxulub benefit
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mammals, angios and insects.
bad for cycads |
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vessels in the secondary xylem are only found in ...
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angios and gnetophytes
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another word for pistils?
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gynoecium
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the anthers are collectively called the
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androecium
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what is a flower?
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highly modified bisexual (usually) strobilus – a blend of vegetative and reproductive parts
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the stigma of a gynoecium sits atop the _____.
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style (pollen tube inside style)
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the cavity of a ovary in which the ovules reside?
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placenta
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stamens are to androecium as ______ are to gynoecium.
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carpels
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the sepals collectively?
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calyx
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the petals collectively?
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corolla
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stamens are made of ....
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anthers (usually 2 with sterile section separating) & filaments
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the stalk of a flower?
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peduncle
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the floral parts sit on a ....?
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receptacle
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pollen receptive region of a flower?
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stigma
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stamens evolved from....
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microsporophyll & microsporangium
moved to external upward surface for dispersal |
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carpels evolved from ...?
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megasporophyll fusing around the megasporangium, enclosing megaspore
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the theory of the evolution of the carpels is called...?
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the conduplicate carpel theory
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connate carpels are called...?
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syncarpous
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distinct carpels of gynoecium are called...?
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apocarpous
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carpels are covered by...?
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pericarp
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locules of a syncarpous or apocarpous ovary are separated by...?
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septa
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4 angiosperm improvements over gymnosperm strategy?
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1. vessels in the secondary xylem (wood)-
2. gynoecium 3. double fertilization 4. the flower |
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why is a gynoecium an advancement over the gymnosperm strategy?
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1. stigma/ style (sexual selection) There was no competition in gymnosperms.
2. ovary/ fruit (yet more co-evolution with animals) |
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why is double fertilization an advancement over the gymnosperm strategy?
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1. no need for massive megagametophyte
2. both ‘mom’ and ‘dad’ contribution to the genetics of the triploid endosperm tissue 3. Rapid fertilization/ seed development |
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why is the flower an advancement over the gymnosperm strategy?
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co-evolution with animal pollinators - insects mostly but also birds and mammals
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why are vessels in the secondary xylem an advancement over the gymnosperm strategy?
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they have tracheids and vessels...but vessels carry water more quickly
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In a seed...what part is 3n?
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the endosperm
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how many nuclei in 1n angio megagametophyte?
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8 nuclei!
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what are the 8 nuclei of an angiosperm ovule?
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3 antipodal nuclei
2 polar nuclei (combine with 1 sperm nucleus to form 3n endosperm) 2 synergids (degenerate after pollination...guide pollen?) the egg...obvs forms embryo |
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the attachment point of a seed? (the belly button)
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funiculus
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characteristic suites of floral adaptations for pollination are called....
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pollination syndromes
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unisexual wind pollinating flower is called a ...?
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catkin
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wind pollination syndrome includes....
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abundant pollen
long stamens unixual flowers exposed, often plumose stigmata flowering occurs before or spatially separate from leafing out to facilitate pollen flow/ outcrossing |
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water pollination syndrome includes...
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small flowers...usually female at surface, and detachable male "Raft" flowers
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what are the features of this pollination syndrome:
beetle |
expendable floral parts (petals, stamens), radial symmetry –primitive
multiple simple carpels, (apocarpy) with well-protected ovules |
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what are the features of this pollination syndrome:
bee |
radial to bilateral, nectar guides
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what are the features of this pollination syndrome:
butterfly |
(diurnal) nectar spurs, landing platforms
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what are the features of this pollination syndrome:
fly |
reward syndrome and carrion syndrome
shallow saucer-shaped – radial symmetry |
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what are the features of this pollination syndrome:
moth |
nocturnal, nectar spurs, pale colors-white, odorous
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what are the features of this pollination syndrome:
hummingbird |
pendant, reddish
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what are the features of this pollination syndrome:
bat/mammal |
massive flowers, aggregated flowers
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the first animal pollinator?
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beetle
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pollinator reward fluid containing sugars &
amino acids |
nectar
good alternative to producing excess pollen |
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deceit pollination syndrome used on flies?
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carrion syndrome
temperature, color, and odor mimic carrion (carcass) |
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form of deceit pollination...The male wasp is deceived , tries to mate with the flower itself
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pseudocopulation
*looks like female and even often produces the exact chemical pheromones! |
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Evolutionary link between araceae family and lemnaceae family?
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pistia : water lettuce
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worlds largest flower?
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rafflesia
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what gives rise to the 1n megaspore (through meiosis)
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the megaspore mother cell (2n!)
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The _____ undergoes mitotic division to give rise to a 8-nucleate megagametophyte (1n)?
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megaspore
(1n also...it's the megaspore MOTHER cell that's 2n) |
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floral cup?
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hypanthium
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ovary above the flower?
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hypogynous (flower "below gynoecium")
Superior ovary |
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ovary below the flower?
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epigynous (flower is "upon the gynoecium")
inferior ovary |
