Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
219 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Gametophyte Dominant plants are known as: |
Bryophytes |
|
|
The sporophyte in a gametophyte dominant plant is: |
1) short- lived (ephemeral) 2) usually not photosynthetic 3)not green 4) makes spores and then dies |
|
|
Three types of bryophytes are: |
1. Liverworts 2. Hornworts 3. Mosses |
|
|
Does evolution tend toward gametophyte dominant or sporophyte dominant plants? |
Sporophyte dominant |
|
|
In sporophyte-dominant plants, the gametophyte phase is: |
1. short-lived (ephemeral) |
|
|
Liverwort phyla is: |
Marchantiophyta (Hepatophyta) |
|
|
Hornwort phyla is: |
Anthocertophyta |
|
|
Mosses phyla is: |
Bryophyta |
|
|
T or F: Bryophytes have roots, stems and leaves |
False |
|
|
T or F: bryophytes do not have lignified tissue |
True |
|
|
What type of cells are all bryophytes composed of? |
Parenchyma cells |
|
|
Where would you find bryophytes? |
Worldwide, in terrestrial, moist or humid, shaded locations. |
|
|
What is the thallus? |
plant body of adult gametophyte individual |
|
|
What are the two morphologies of the thallus in bryophytes? |
1 . Thalloid 2. Leafy |
|
|
Describe the thalloid morphology. |
ribbon like and creeping |
|
|
Describe the leafy morphology of the thallus. |
node/internode arrangement with "leaf" like photosynthetic outgrowths. |
|
|
What bryophytes have a thalloid morphology of the thallus? |
hornworts some liverworts |
|
|
What bryophytes have a leafy morphology of the thallus? |
mosses some liverworts |
|
|
What are rhizoids? |
cells that anchor the thallus to the sub straight, but they do not absorb water or minerals. |
|
|
How does the thallus transport nutrients? |
diffusion and osmosis specialized metabolic pumps |
|
|
What is Gametangia (pl.) or Gametangium (sing.)? |
The structure that holds the gametes. |
|
|
Where are the gametangia found? |
They are produced near the top (apex) of the gametophyte shoot. |
|
|
What is the name of a female gametangium? |
Archegonium (sing.) Archegonia (pl.) |
|
|
What is the name of a male gametangium? |
Antheridium (sing.) Antheridia (pl.) |
|
|
What is a female gamete called? |
Egg |
|
|
What is a male gamete called? |
sperm |
|
|
What is a paraphysis? |
A sterile hair located between the gametangia. |
|
|
What is the function of paraphysis? |
keeps area moist provides protection |
|
|
What is the venter? |
The swollen area of the archegonium that holds the egg. |
|
|
What is above the venter? |
The neck |
|
|
What is below the venter? |
The stem |
|
|
What is the sterile tissue of the archegonium consist of? |
Th neck and venter |
|
|
What is the sterile jacket? |
A layer of cells that protects the sperm in the antheridium. |
|
|
Are sperm and egg cells produced by mitosis or meiosis? |
Mitosis |
|
|
How does the sperm locate the egg in the archegonium? |
chemotaxis |
|
|
What organelles and other cell components do sperm possess? |
nucleus mitochondrion plastid 2-flagella (biflagellate) |
|
|
When does the sporophyte phase begin? |
At fertilization |
|
|
Is diploid 2n or n? |
2n |
|
|
Is haploid 2n or n? |
n |
|
|
Where does fertilization occur? |
inside archegonium, which is on the gametophyte plant. |
|
|
After the egg has been fertilized what does it become? |
Zygote |
|
|
What does the zygote grow into before becoming a sporophyte? |
Embryo (multicellular) |
|
|
In a bryophyte, what does the embryo grow in to? |
Sporophyte which is attached to the female gametophyte. |
|
|
What is the calyptra? |
It is the top of the archegonia (venter and neck) that breaks off as the sporophyte grows into an adult. It ends up covering the sporangium, or capsule. |
|
|
Is a sporophyte haploid or diploid? |
diploid (2n) |
|
|
Is the gametophyte haploid or diploid? |
haploid (n) |
|
|
In a bryophyte, is the sporophyte photosynthetic? |
No. |
|
|
T or F: In bryophytes, a sporophyte independently gains its own nourishment. |
False. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for it's nourishment. |
|
|
In bryophytes, what are the three morphologies of the sporophyte? |
1. capsule ( sporangium) 2. foot 3. seta |
|
|
What is the sporangium of a bryophyte also called? |
Capsule |
|
|
What is the function of the foot in a sporophyte? |
to anchor and absorb nutrients from the gametophyte. |
|
|
What is the seta? |
It is a long cylindrical shoot that raises capsule above gametophyte in the sporophyte individual. |
|
|
Are spores formed by meiosis or mitosis? |
meiosis |
|
|
Where does the gametophyte phase begin? |
With the spores |
|
|
What are spores covered in? |
Sporopollenin |
|
|
Does the spore go through meiosis or mitosis to produce gametophyte individual? |
mitosis |
|
|
What do spores produce after germination? |
gametophyte individual |
|
|
What is protonema? |
immature gametophyte individual |
|
|
Are Marchantiophyta thalloid, leafy or both? |
both |
|
|
Which phyla of bryophytes has a membrane-bound, young, organelle that contains terpenoid oils? |
marchantiophyta (liverworts) |
|
|
Is the sporophyte of marchantiophyta photosynthetic? |
No |
|
|
How does the sporophyte of marchantiophyta release spores? |
Capsule breaks in to 4 valves and spring-like elaters eject spores |
|
|
Are Anthocerotophyta thalloid, leafy or both? |
Thalloid |
|
|
What time of year can you find anthocerotophyta? |
Fall |
|
|
How many chloroplasts are there per cell in an anthocerotophyta gametophyte? |
1 |
|
|
Is the sporophyte of an anthocerotophyta photosynthetic? |
Yes |
|
|
What does the sporophyte of an anthocerotophyta lack compared to other bryophytes? |
It does not have a seta. |
|
|
What is dehiscence? |
The rupturing of the sporangium |
|
|
How are the spores released from the sporangium of an anthocerotophyta? |
peels open from the top down, and spores are knocked out my the breeze. |
|
|
Are bryophyta thalloid, leafy or both? |
leafy |
|
|
T or F: There are ribbon-shaped mosses. |
False. Any ribbon-shaped moss, are not true bryophyta. |
|
|
How does a bryophyta release it's spores? |
Calyptra dries and falls off. Operculum (cap) pops off. Peristome teeth move in and out to throw spores out of capsule. |
|
|
How are vascular plants different from bryophytes? |
the lifespan of the vascular plant sporophyte are dominant (longer living) and the gametophyte is reduced (shorter lifespan) the sporophytes of vascular plants also have lignified cells, and xylem and phloem are present. |
|
|
What are the three types of meristems? |
1. Apical 2. Axillary 3. Lateral |
|
|
What is a meristem? |
region of specialized tissue; cells undergo controlled mitoses & cytokineses |
|
|
Where are the two types of apical meristems? |
1. Shoot Apical Meristem (SAM) 2. Root Apical Meristem (RAM) |
|
|
What is the function of the apical meristem? |
primary growth, elongation of shoot or root through production of herbaceous tissues and organs. |
|
|
What is another name for axillary meristem? |
bud |
|
|
Where can you find the axillary meristem? |
in leaf axils |
|
|
What do axillary meristems produce? |
branch or flower |
|
|
What is the function of lateral meristems? |
secondary growth, increases girth |
|
|
What are the three primary meristems? |
1. protoderm 2. ground meristem 3. procambium |
|
|
What tissue does the protoderm mature into? |
epidermis |
|
|
What tissue does the ground meristem mature into? |
ground tissue |
|
|
What tissue does the procambium mature into? |
Vascular tissues (primary phloem and primary xylem) |
|
|
What are three different types of epidermis cells? |
1. guard cells of stomata 2. root hairs 3. secretary cells |
|
|
What are the functions of the epidermis? |
mechanical protection restriction of transpiration/ aeration |
|
|
The epidermis is often covered by: |
the cuticle |
|
|
What is the function of the cuticle? |
waxy material that decreases water loss from plant body. |
|
|
What types of cells do xylem and phloem consist of? |
1. parenchyma 2. fibers ( conducting sclerenchyma) 3. special conducting cells: either treachery elements (xylem) or sieve elements (phloem) |
|
|
The functions of xylem tissues are:
|
1. water and mineral conduction 2. storage ( in parenchyma cells) 3. mechanical support |
|
|
What is the composition of xylem tissue? |
1. lignified tracheary elements
( tracheids &/or vessel elements) 2. lignified fibers (conducting sclerenchyma) 3. parenchyma |
|
|
What are the two types of tracheary elements? |
1. Tracheids 2. Vessel elements |
|
|
What are tracheids? |
elongated cells with tapering interlocking, lignified secondary end walls with pits. |
|
|
How does water travel through tracheids? |
the tapered elongated cells connect end on end and pass water through pit pairs, or openings between end walls. |
|
|
Where would you find vessel elements? |
In more highly evolved plants. Occur a long w/tracheids in almost all flowering plants. |
|
|
How do vessel elements differ from tracheids? |
Vessel elements are short and white with almost perpendicular end walls. They also have perforation plants on end walls of adjacent cells. These perforations lack both primary and secondary wall materials, so the water moves more freely. |
|
|
How could you tell if a plant was more or less evolved from its perforation plates? |
A more evolved plant will have no plates in the end walls of it's vessel elements. |
|
|
What is the primary function of phloem tissue? |
Long distance conduction of nutrients. |
|
|
What is the composition of phloem tissue? |
1. Sieve elements sieve cells and sieve-tube members 2. parenchyma 3. fibers |
|
|
Are sieve elements alive or dead at maturity? |
Alive. They are made or parenchyma cells. |
|
|
Do sieve elements have secondary walls? |
No, they only have primary walls, that are slightly thickened with p-protein, not with lignin. |
|
|
What is and isn't present in sieve elements? |
Does have protoplast, but not not have vacuole or nucleus. Sieve plates (mesh like openings) |
|
|
What are sieve cells? |
Long, slender cells that have fine pores in end walls with delicate protoplasm strands that interconnect with each other. |
|
|
What are albuminous cells? |
Cells with a nucleus next to the sieve cell. |
|
|
What is the function of an albuminous cell? |
1. Directs sieve cells 2. delivery of substances including informational molecules |
|
|
Where would you find an albuminous cell? |
Next to a sieve cell in the phloem tissue. |
|
|
How are sieve-tube members different from sieve cells? |
They are shorter and broader, and have larger holes in endplates. |
|
|
What is the cell associated with sieve-tube members? |
Companion cells |
|
|
What type of cells are companion cells? |
parenchyma cells |
|
|
Where would you find companion cells? |
Next to sieve-tube members |
|
|
What is the function of companion cells? |
delivery of substances including informational molecules |
|
|
T or F: Companion cells and sieve-tube members come from different parental cells. |
False. Companion cells and sieve-tube members come from the same parental cell. |
|
|
What is the function of sieve plates? |
They separate individual sieve-tube members, and join them end to end. |
|
|
What are more effective? Sieve cells or sieve-tube members, and why? |
Sieve-tube members because they have larger holes in end plates so they can transfer water faster. |
|
|
Where would you find sieve-tube members? |
In the phloem tissue of flowering plants. |
|
|
What individual(s) have roots? Sporophytes, gametophytes, or both? |
Only sporophytes have roots. |
|
|
What are the functions of roots? |
1. anchorage ( to soil or non soil) 2. absorption 3. storage (in most) |
|
|
What are the characteristics of roots? |
1.Positively geotropic (grows toward earth-with gravity) 2. root hairs in mature regions 3. Leaves are absent 4. Branching is endogenous (grows from the inside out) |
|
|
What are the function of root hairs? |
Increase surface area for more efficient absorption. |
|
|
T or F: Root Apical Meristem produces cells downwards, toward gravity. |
False. the RAM produces cells in 2 directions ( toward and away from gravity) |
|
|
What is at the very tip of a root? |
The root cap. |
|
|
What is the function of the root cap? |
To protect the root apical meristem. |
|
|
Does a root cap have an epidermis layer? |
No. |
|
|
What does the root cap produce? |
a slimy material called mucigel
|
|
|
What are the functions of mucigel in the root cap? |
1.protection from desiccation (drying out) 2. provides lubrication 3. enhances water absorption 4. enhances nutrient absorption 5. inhibits growth of other roots |
|
|
Where would you find the cortex? |
In the root, between the epidermis and the endodermis. |
|
|
What type of cells does the cortex consist of? |
parenchyma |
|
|
What is the endodermis? |
A cylinder of 1 row of tightly packed cells that bears the casparian strip. |
|
|
What is the casparian strip? |
A strip of lignin and suberin that helps regulate solute movement, forcing water towardseudodermal cells and then into vascular cylinder. |
|
|
What is the vascular cylinder (stele) composed of? |
1. phloem 2. xylem 3. cambium 4. pericycle |
|
|
What is the pericycle? |
Meristematic parenchyma that produced root (lateral) branches.
. |
|
|
What is the function of the pericycle? |
Helps to anchor and increases absorption. |
|
|
Where does the root apical meristem originate? |
In the embryo. |
|
|
What is the name of an embryonic root? |
radicle |
|
|
What are three types of roots? |
1. taproot 2. fibrous root 3. adventitious root |
|
|
Describe a taproot and give its functions. |
Large main root that arises directly from the embryo radicle, and will have thinner smaller lateral branches coming off it. It's main functions are storage and to reach deep water. |
|
|
Describe a fibrous root and give its functions. |
And extensive mass of similarly sized roots that arises from embryo radicle. It's function helps plant to stay anchored in substrate in crazy rain. also holds soil in place and helps to stop erosion. |
|
|
Describe an adventitious root and give its functions. |
Forms from shoot tissues. Is NOT from radicle or root tissues. Functions to give mechanical support, propagation and aeration. |
|
|
What is the petiole? |
The stem of the leaf.
|
|
|
What are photosynthetic outgrowths fed by vascular tissue? |
Leaves |
|
|
What tissues are the veins of leaves made out of? |
vascular tissue, phloem and xylem |
|
|
What are microphylls? |
Leaves that show 1 central, unbranched midrib through lamina, and have no leaf gap |
|
|
What is the lamina? |
Leaf blade |
|
|
What is a megaphyll? |
Lamina has central midrib and numerous minor veins. There is also a leaf gap present in stem tissue. |
|
|
What has a leaf gap present? Microphylls or Megaphylls? |
Megaphylls |
|
|
What cells are the leaf gap composed of? |
parenchyma |
|
|
T or F: The leaf gap contains xylem and phloem tissue |
False. The leaf gap contains no xylem or phloem tissue. |
|
|
A lamina that is undivided is called: |
simple example: maple leaf |
|
|
A lamina that is divided is called: |
compound more than one leaf that come from single petiole |
|
|
What is a sessile leaf? |
Lamina attached directly to stem (petiole is absent) |
|
|
What is a petiolate leaf? |
petiole extends blade out into light, and can change angle of lamina for sunlight or harsh environmental conditions. |
|
|
What is the midrib composed of? |
Phloem and xylem. |
|
|
What is the stomata and where can it be found? |
It is composed of the guard cells and stoma and is found on the upper and/or lower epidermis. |
|
|
What is the function pf the palisade mesophyll and where can it be found? |
It is where the photosynthetic reactions occur. Thicker palisade layer for lots of sun, thinner for shade. It is found on the leaf between the upper epidermis and the spongy mesophyll. |
|
|
What is the function of the spongy mesophyll and where an it be found? |
it controls gas and water exchange and an be found between the palisade mesophyll and the lower epidermis. |
|
|
Where can the stoma be found? |
In the upper and/or lower epidermis, depending on the function. |
|
|
Can leaves grow underground? |
Yes. Example: onion. |
|
|
What "organ" are the spines of a cactus considered? |
leaves. |
|
|
What are spines? |
Sharp-pointed, needle like modified leaves. |
|
|
What does the stem consist of? |
Collection of integrated tissues arranged as nodes and internodes. |
|
|
What is the internode? |
Portion of stem between two nodes |
|
|
What are the functions of stems? |
1. support for leaves
2. transport between leaves and roots 3. storage 4. photosynthesis (for some) |
|
|
What are the 4 anatomy parts of the stem? |
1. Epidermis (often has stomates) 2. Cortex 3. Conducting tissue (vascular bundle) 4. Pith |
|
|
Placement of Xylem is always: |
Closer to the center of stem. (Think Extra Credit= XC= Xylem center) |
|
|
Placement of Phloem is always: |
Towards the outer part of the stem. |
|
|
T or F: Cortex is a type of cell. |
False, it is a region that will always have parenchyma cells, and sometimes collenchyma cells. |
|
|
What are the two common types of tissue arrangements? |
1. Atactostele 2. Eustele |
|
|
An atactostele is also known as: |
a monocot stem |
|
|
An eustele is also known as: |
A Eudicot stem. |
|
|
A vascular bundle in a eudicot stem consists of: |
phloem xylem cambium |
|
|
a vascular bundle in a monocot stem consists of: |
phloem xylem |
|
|
How can you tell the difference between a mono cot and a eudicot? |
The Monocot has no pith, but the eudicot does. |
|
|
Where can you find the vascular bundle of a stem? |
in the cortex |
|
|
What are examples of modified stems and shoots? |
1. Rhizome (horizontal, scale like leaves. ex) ginger) 2. Tuber (potato) 3. Stolons (runners) 4. Thorn |
|
|
How would one know if a plant has secondary growth? |
It would make wood, or be a woody plant that increases in girth. |
|
|
Where does secondary growth of a plant happen? |
In the lateral meristem |
|
|
What are the two parts of lateral meristems? |
1. Vascular cambium 2. cork cambium (phellogen) |
|
|
Where does the vascular cambium form? |
Between the primary xylem and phloem |
|
|
What is the origin of the vascular cambium? |
Procambium |
|
|
What is the vascular cambium? |
1 cylindrical row of meristematic cells that form between primary xylem and phloem (interfascicular) and between individual vascular bundles (fascicular) that produces secondary xylem and phloem. |
|
|
What does the vascular cambium produce? |
secondary xylem and phloem |
|
|
Secondary xylem grows toward: |
the inside (center) |
|
|
Secondary phloem grows toward: |
the outside |
|
|
How does the vascular cambium divide? |
Laterally, which forms rings |
|
|
Where is the cork cambium formed? |
In the cortex, secondary phloem or epidermis |
|
|
What does the cork cambium produce? |
1. cork tissue (phellem) 2. phelloderm |
|
|
What are cork cells? |
dead, suberized (waxy) cells, that lack intercellular spaces. |
|
|
Where are cork cells located? |
Between the epidermis and the cork cambium. |
|
|
What is phelloderm? |
living cells that may be photosynthetic, and lack suberin (wax). |
|
|
Where is phelloderm found? |
between the cork cambium and the collenchyma and parenchyma cells of the cortex. |
|
|
What is phellem? |
cork tissue ( cork cells) |
|
|
What tissues does bark consist of? |
1. Secondary phloem 2. phelloderm 3. cork cambium 4. cork tissue All tissues outside of the vascular cambium |
|
|
What are lenticels? |
openings for gas exchange that form as corky layers that replace epidermis. |
|
|
What does bark replace? |
Ruptured epidermis |
|
|
How would production of cork stop? |
Only if cork cambium is destroyed. |
|
|
What happens to the pith over time in woody plants? |
it is crushed as secondary xylem continues. |
|
|
What does secondary xylem become? |
wood |
|
|
What does secondary phloem become? |
inner bark |
|
|
what does cork become? |
outer bark |
|
|
During translocation of water, solutes are loaded at the ____________ and unloaded at the ___________ |
source sink |
|
|
How does the gradient of water potential work for water relations in plants? |
H2O moves from region of relatively positive (high) potential to a region of more negative (low) potential. |
|
|
Three mechanisms of water movement are: |
1. diffusion/osmosis 2. cohesion (attractive forces between water molecules) 3. adhesion (water climbing edges) |
|
|
What is transpiration? |
Process by which water vapor leaves exposed parts of plant body ( water potential goes down) |
|
|
How does transpiration happen in plants? |
Through the opening and closing of stomates |
|
|
What does a stomate consist of? |
2 guard cells stoma surrounded by subsidiary cells |
|
|
How does the stomata open? |
K+ is pumped from surrounding cells in to guard cells and water moved in through osmosis, and guard cells become turgid |
|
|
how does the stomata close? |
solutes and water are secreted or leak out of guard cells, and guard cells become flaccid |
|
|
What are the three channels of water movement in plants? |
1. apoplast 2. symplast 3. vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) |
|
|
What is apoplast water movement? |
Water moves through the cell and intercellular spaces. |
|
|
What is symplast water movement? |
through the plasmodesma and through the cytoplasm of cells. |
|
|
Water movement through xylem's treachery elements is what theory? |
cohesion/tension theory |
|
|
water movement through phloems's sieve elements is what theory? |
pressure flow hypothesis |
|
|
What is the driving mechanism behind water tension? |
Transpiration |
|
|
What is order of fastest to slowest mechanisms of translocation? |
1. xylem (cohesion/tension theory) 2. phloem ( pressure flow hypothesis) 3. symplasm 4. apoplasm |
|
|
What is the source and sink and direction of flow in the xylem? |
source= soil or root solution sink= atmosphere or upper parts of plant flow=upward |
|
|
What is the source and sink and direction of flow in the phloem? |
source= site of photosynthesis or storage site sink= site of storage or metabolism flow= bidirectional |
|
|
Usual contents of aqueous solutions of xylem: |
mineral element ions organic acids amino acids alkaloids hormones minimal sugars |
|
|
Usual content of aqueous solutions of phloem: |
sugars (principle) minerals proteins hormones |
