Botany Exam 2

Front 1

Cellular Respiration

Back 1

Energy rich molecules are broken down or oxidized to carbon dioxide and water.

Front 2

Where does Cellular Respiration occur?

Back 2

chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Front 3

Aerobic Respiration

Back 3

The kind of respiration that occurs in plants and animals in the presence of ample Oxygen.

Front 4

Anaerobic Respiration

Back 4

When the acceptor of electrons at the end of the flow is a molecule other than Oxygen.

Front 5

What are the 3 main stages of cellular respiration?

Back 5

Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and the Electron transport chain.

Front 6

What is the difference between a pathway and a cycle?

Back 6

A pathway ends in a product or products; cycles also form products, but return molecules to the first events in the series.

Front 7

Glycolysis

Back 7

The pathway that starts cellular respiration of sugar in the cytosol. Glucose is rearranged, then split in half during the pathway. Pyruvate is formed as a product, then enters the mitochondrion where it fuels the Krebs cycle.

Front 8

What are the products of Glycolysis?

Back 8

NADH, ATP, and Pyruvate.

Front 9

What fuels the Krebs cycle?

Back 9

Pyruvate.

Front 10

What does the Krebs cycle produce?

Back 10

ATP, NADH, ubiquinol, and CO2

Front 11

Electron Transport Chain

Back 11

A sequence of electron carriers that use the energy from electron flow to transport protons against a concentration gradient across the inner mithochondrial membrane. Each has a higher potential than its predecessor.

Front 12

What produces the most ATP?

Back 12

The elctron transport chain is the clear champion of ATP production in cells when Oxygen is present.

Front 13

Fermentation

Back 13

in plants and animals, when Oxygen is insufficient, the pathway of cellular respiration backs up to pyruvate, and fermentation occurs. It is an anaerobic process that involves the first stage of respiration (glycolysis), but produces an organic product, such as lactate or alcohol, along with small amounts of ATP.

Front 14

When are both the electron transport chain and the Krebs cycle inhibited?

Back 14

When oxygen is low or not available.

Front 15

What three things primarily make up the movement of molecules in plants?

Back 15

Diffusion, convection, and bulk flow.

Front 16

How do solutes diffuse?

Back 16

Outward from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration.

Front 17

Diffusion

Back 17

the net movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion by random movement continues until the distribution of molecules becomes even throughout the solution.

Front 18

What does the rate of diffusion depend on?

Back 18

1. The size of the molecules (larger move slower). 2. Temperature of the solution (higher temperatures cause faster movement). 3. Solubility of the molecules in the solvent (molecules that do not dissolve do not diffuse).

Front 19

Water potential

Back 19

the potential energy of water to flow where it is less concentrated.

Front 20

List three facts about water potential.

Back 20

1. The water potential of pure water is zero. 2. Water flows down a water potential gradient, toward the more negative water potential. 3. the addition of solutes to a solution lowers the water potential.

Front 21

Osmosis

Back 21

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 22

Plasmolysis

Back 22

osmotically induced shrinkage of the cytoplasm. Water exits the plant via osmosis and diffuses to a region of lesser water concentration (water potential) compared to inside the plant.

Front 23

Active transport

Back 23

allows plants to accumulate molecules in higher concentrations than would be available through diffusion or passive transport alone.

Front 24

Simple diffusion, passive transport, and active transport

Back 24

direct movement of substances through membranes.

Front 25

What is water used for in the plant?

Back 25

1. to make organic compounds. 2. To support the plant (via turgor pressure). 3. To serve as a solvent in which chemical reactions occur. 4. To function as the medium in which minerals move.

Front 26

Stomata

Back 26

Must remain open for CO2 to enter the leaf and be used in photosynthesis; however, as long as stomata are open, water is lost through transpiration.

Front 27

When is transpiration promoted?

Back 27

When the surface area for evaporation of water is increased.

Front 28

What environmental factors affect transpiration?

Back 28

1. Humidity. 2. Internal concentration of CO2. 3. Wind. 4. Air temperature. 5. Soil. 6. Light intensity.

Front 29

Deciduous

Back 29

Plants that drop all their leaves in the fall.

Front 30

What are the products of the electron transport chain?

Back 30

H20 and ATP

Front 31

What are the overall products of Respiration?

Back 31

ATP, H20, and CO2

Front 32

Stem

Back 32

A structure of indeterminate growth that absorbs water and has no lateral buds.

Front 33

Cortex

Back 33

Functions in storage.

Front 34

What are the two different root systems?

Back 34

Taproot and fibrous

Front 35

Root hairs

Back 35

Function in water uptake.

Front 36

Root cap

Back 36

Functions in protecting the apical meristem

Front 37

Casparian

Back 37

is a waxy strip of suberin in the endodermis that allows water to get into the right part of the cell.

Front 38

Dicotyledon

Back 38

When the vascular bundles are arranged in a ring.

Front 39

Epidermis

Back 39

The surface layer of cells

Front 40

Pith

Back 40

Irregularly-shaped parenchyma cells in the center of a dicotyledon stem.

Front 41

sclerenchyma

Back 41

A mass of very thick walled cells that cap the outer side of each vascular bundle in a dicotyledon stem.

Front 42

Vascular cambium

Back 42

A thin layer of flattened cells located between the phloem and the xylem in the dicotyledon stem. A meristem.

Front 43

Xylem

Back 43

Water conducting cells.

Front 44

Phloem

Back 44

Sugar conducting cells.

Front 45

Parenchyma

Back 45

Large thin walled cells that are found in many parts of the stem.

Front 46

Monocotyledon

Back 46

A stem with the vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem.

Front 47

Secondary xylem

Back 47

wood

Front 48

In what tissue does most photosynthesis take place?

Back 48

Parenchyma

Front 49

In what tissue does mitosis take place?

Back 49

Vascular cambium

Front 50

What produces the waxy cuticle?

Back 50

Epidermis