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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Wall Functions |
1. strengthens cell, tissue & plant body 2. influences individual cell shape 3. supports protoplasts 4. allows free movement of water |
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Composition of cell wall |
1. cellulose framework 2. non-cellulose crosslink matrix |
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What is the cellulose framework of the cell wall composed of? |
Very strong cable-like construction of: Microfibrils & Macrofibrils (stronger than steel) |
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What is the cell wall? |
Ergastic (non-living) bounding layer that is external to the plasma membrane. |
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What is the primary component of the cell wall? |
Cellulose |
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Cellulose is a __________________. |
Polysaccharide |
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What are macrofibrils composed of? |
Microfibrils wound together. |
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What are microfibrils composed of? |
Cellulose (UDP glucose monomers) |
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Non-cellulose cross-linked matrix is made up of: |
1. Hemicellulose 2. Pectin 3. Glycoproteins |
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What is hemicellulose? |
Cellulose-like polysaccharides. |
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What are the functions of hemicellulose? |
1. binds fibrils together to establish a 3-D network 2. regulates cell enlargement by limiting cell wall extensibility |
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What is pectin? |
jelly-like matrix of hydrophilic polysaccharides that make the cell wall flexible |
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What is the function of pectin? |
Makes cell walls pliable and stretchy |
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What are the two options, regarding cell walls, that a mature plant cell can have? |
1. Primary cell wall 2. Primary and secondary cell wall |
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True False: All cells have a primary wall |
True |
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True False: All cells have a secondary wall. |
False
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What part of the plant would you likely see secondary walls on cells? |
Stems because they need more strength. |
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What cell wall is built during cytokinesis? |
Primary Wall |
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Which cell wall is more flexible? |
Primary Wall |
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You would find lignin in which cell wall? |
Secondary wall |
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What makes primary walls stretchy? |
pectin |
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What are the primary metabolites? |
1. nucleic acids 2. carbohydrates 3. proteins (amino acids) 4. lipids and fats |
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Examples of nucleic acids are: |
RNA and DNA |
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What are carbohydrate and what function do they provide? |
sugars and chains of sugars. they provide energy. |
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What are the two monosaccharides used in plants? |
glucose and fructose |
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What are monosaccharides? |
simple sugars that provide quick energy |
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What three types of carbs are in plants? |
1. Monosaccharides 2. Disaccharides 3. Polysaccharides |
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What is a disaccharide used in plants? |
Sucrose |
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What is sucrose composed of? |
two monosaccharides, glucose and fructose, bonded together |
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What is the function of sucrose? |
to transport sugars |
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What is the most abundant compound on earth? |
Cellulose |
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What are the functions of polysaccharides in plants? (cellulose) |
1. structure 2. mechanical strength 3. protection |
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Is cellulose soluble in water? |
No |
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What polysaccharides are used in plants? |
1. cellulose 2. starch 3. fructans |
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What is the main function of starch? |
energy storage |
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What is fructans? |
a polysaccharide composed of polymers of fructose |
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what is the function of fructans? |
energy storage in fruits and grains |
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What are proteins? |
linear polymers of amino acids |
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What are the function of proteins? |
1. structural compounds 2. energy storage ( in seeds) |
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What are the functions of fats, oils, and lipids? |
1. structural components 2. water-proofing 3. energy storage (especially in seeds) |
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What are photosterols? |
plant steroids |
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What is sitosterol? |
A photosterol, or plant steroid |
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What is the function of phytosterols? |
1. structural stabilization (phospholipid tails of plasma membrane) 2. hormones (promote stem growth) |
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Where are secondary metabolites usually stored? |
vacuoles |
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Do all plants make secondary metabolites? |
No |
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Why are secondary metabolites important? |
They help with survival and propagation. |
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What are the functions of secondary metabolites? |
1. chemical signals enabling plant to respond to environmental stimuli 2. defense 3. solar protection 4. aid in dispersal of reproductive structures |
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What are the three classes of secondary metabolites? |
1. Terpenoids 2. Alkaloids 3. Phenolics |
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What is the function of terpenoids? |
components of: 1. pigments 2. membranes 3. hormones 4. electron carriers |
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Caffeine, morphene, cocaine, nicotine, atropine, and urushiol are examples of: |
Alkaloids |
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What is a main function of alkaloids? |
defense |
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What group does alkaloids belong to? |
Secondary metabolites |
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What group does terpenoids belong to? |
Secondary metabolites |
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What group does Phenolics belong to? |
Secondary metabolites |
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What are three examples of phenolics? |
1. lignins 2. flavonoids 3. salicylic acid |
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What is the second most abundant organic compound on earth? |
Lignins |
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What are the functions of lignin? |
1. anti-decay 2. rigidity 3. water-proofing |
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Where will you find lignins |
In the cell wall (secondary wall) |
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What are the functions of lignin? |
1. anti-decay 2. rigidity 3. waterproofing |
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How many layers do secondary walls have? |
three. S1, S2, and S3 |
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What is the plasma membrane composed of? |
phospholipid bilayer of integral membrane proteins |
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What are the functions the plasma membrane? |
1. transport of waste and nutrients in and out of cell 2. receives communication |
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Up to 90% of the cell volume is the ________. |
vacuole |
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What is in a vacuole? |
H2O ions pigments sugars defense compounds ( secondary metabolites, crystals or heavy metals) |
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What are the main functions of the vacuole? |
1. storage of primary metabolites and secondary metabolites (like crystals). 2. maintains H2O pressure 3. recycling activity |
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What do plastids contain? |
DNA, RNA, and ribosomes |
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Are plastids double or single membrane bound? |
Double |
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What are the three types of plastids? |
1. chromoplasts 2. chloroplasts 3. leucoplasts |
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Where would you find carotenoids? |
In the chromoplasts |
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What is the function of chromoplasts? |
1. retain pigments 2. pigments attract animals |
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What plastid would you find non-green pigments in? |
chromoplasts |
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What are the components of chloroplasts? |
1. thylakoids 2. grana 3. stroma |
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What would you find in the stroma of a chloroplast? |
DNA RNA ribosomes starch grains oil droplets photosynthetic enyzmes |
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What are the functions of chloroplasts? |
1. photosynthesis 2. chemical reductions for animo acids building |
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What is grana? |
stacks of thylakoids which contain chlorophyll pigment |
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Where is the chlorophyll pigment contained? |
grana |
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What are thylakoids? |
membranes in flattened stacks |
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What are leucoplasts? |
non-pigmented plastids with specialized functions |
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What are the three types of leucoplasts? |
1. amyloplasts 2. elaioplasts 3. proteinoplasts |
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What are the functions of amyloplasts? |
To synthesize and store starch in no photosynthetic organs |
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Where would you find amyloplasts? |
Roots or fruits (ex: potatoes or bananas) |
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How would you identify an amyloplast? |
Using an indicator dye, they would look blue. |
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What is the function of elaioplasts? |
synthesize and store oils |
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How would you identify elaioplasts? |
they would look reddish/pinkish with an indicator dye (sudan 4) |
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Are peroxisomes single or double membrane bound? |
Single |
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What are the functions of peroxisomes? |
1. prevent chemical damage of photosynthesis 2. process photosynthetic products |
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What is the endomembrane system? |
tracks of cytoskeleton fibers that are used to move motor proteins |
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What are the three notable outer cellular junctions? |
1. Middle Lamella 2. Plasmodesmata 3. Intercellular Spaces |
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What is the middle lamella? |
region where cell walls of adjacent cells are cemented together. |
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What is the middle lamella composed of? |
pectin, and sometimes lignin |
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What is the plasmodesmata? |
cytoplasmic connections between adjacent cells that are lined with palm membrane and have one strand of E.R. running through it. |
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What is the function of the plasmodesmata? |
communication between cells |
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What are intercellular spaces? |
"empty" spaces between cells. |
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What is the function of intercellular spaces? |
1. aeration 2. passive transport |
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What is contained in the intercellular spaces? |
atmospheric gases water vapor |
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What is a problem for plant cells when going through interphase? |
Large vacuoles present problems when trying to move the nucleus to the center during interphase. So the vacuole must be suspended by cytoplasmic strands. |
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What are the two fundamental energy processes in plant cells? |
1. photosynthesis 2. respiration |
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What is photosynthesis? |
Capturing light energy and converting it to chemical energy |
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What is a wavelength? |
distance moved by a photon during 1 complete vibration. distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of another |
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What major absorption bands do ALL chlorophylls contain? |
1. Blue-violet region 2. red region |
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What is the most important compound in photosynthesis? |
chlorophyll a |
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What is the goal of accessory pigments? |
To transfer energy to chlorophyll a |
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Where can carotenoids be found? |
chloroplasts and chromoplasts |
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Where are a plant's photosystems found? |
in the thylakoid membranes |
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A photosystem is composed of: |
1. light harvesting complex 2. photosynthetic reaction center |
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What are the two photosystems in photosynthesis linked by? |
electron transport system |
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The photosynthetic process can be divided into two sections. These are? |
1. Energy-Transduction Reactions 2. Carbon-fixation Reactions (calvin cycle) |
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What are the reagents and products of photolysis? |
2 H2O => O₂ + 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ two water molecules are split to create one oxygen molecule, 4 protons, and 4 electrons |
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Energy- Transduction Reactions use light energy to create ________ from _________. |
ATP from ADP |
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What is the outcome of the Energy-Transduction Reactions? |
For every 6 electrons, 6 ATP and 6NADPH are produced. |
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What is rubisco? |
A 6 carbon sugar made from RuBP ( a 5 carbon sugar) and a carbon atom from CO2. It is the most abundant, and one of the most important enzymes on earth. |
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Light Reactions require: |
1. Light energy from sun 2. H2O 3. ADP ( from Calvin Cycle) 4. NADP+ ( from Calvin Cycle) |
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Light Reactions produce: |
1. O₂ ( for us to breathe!) 2. ATP ( for Calvin Cycle) 3. NADPH ( for Calvin Cycle) |
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Calvin Cycle require: |
1. CO₂ from atmosphere 2. ATP ( from light reactions) 3. NADPH ( from light reactions) |
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Calvin Cycle produces: |
1. PGAL => starch, Amino Acids, and sucrose 2. ADP ( for light reactions) 3. NADP+ ( for light reactions) |
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Where is the starch from PGAL stored? |
in chloroplasts |
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The Calvin Cycle ends with: |
PGAL |
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Macronutrient Elements that are essential for life: |
1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Nitrogen 4. Oxygen 5. Phosphorus 6. Sulfur |
