Botany Exam 1

Front 1

How did Theophrastus classifyplants?

Back 1

binomial nomenclature; 4th century b.c.

Front 2

What was the first level of organization to develop?

Back 2

Genera

Front 3

International Code of Binomial Nomenclature requirements?

Back 3

2 Steps:
- Latin description; journal publication
- Herbarium specimen

Front 4

Current six kingdoms?

Back 4

Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Archaea, Bacteria, Fungi

Front 5

Contrast taxonomists and systematists

Back 5

Taxonomists: identification
Systematists: evolution

Front 6

Classification of major groups in order

Back 6

Domain -> Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species

Front 7

The law of parsimony

Back 7

Another name for Ockham's razor, or more generally for any methodological principle that counsels us to expect nature to use the simplest possible means to any given end.

Front 8

Cladistics?

Back 8

Classification based on a shared evolutionary trait

Front 9

International Code of Binomial Nomenclature

Back 9

At a meeting in Paris in 1867, European and American botanists agreed to use Linnaeus's 1753 publication and binomials as the starting point for all scientific names of plants. The rules (International Code of Botanical Nomenclature) drawn up at that meeting and periodically revised are now followed for naming and classifying plants by botanists of all nationalities.

Front 10

Hogg and Haeckel proposed what in the 1860s

Back 10

Hogg and Haeckel proposed a third kingdom (Protoctista) in the 1860s

Front 11

Which features of plants were used to classify in the 18th century?

Back 11

Descriptive Latin phrase names were used for all organisms by the 18th century

Front 12

What did Copeland propose in 1938

Back 12

In 1938, H. F. Copeland, on the basis of cellular differences, divided the Protoctista into Kingdoms Monera and Protoctista.

Front 13

What did Whittaker propose in 1969?

Back 13

In 1969, Whittaker proposed five kingdoms based both on forms of nutrition and cellular structure.

Front 14

What did Woese propose in 1990?

Back 14

In the 1980s, Carl Woese divided Whittaker's Kingdom Monera into two kingdoms, and six kingdoms are now generally recognized.

Front 15

Explain the early kingdom concept and problems associated with it

Back 15

At first just Plant and Animal were recognized, leading to difficulties.

Front 16

Why is binomial nomenclature important?

Back 16

Biologists recognized the need for worldwide uniformity in naming and classifying organisms.

Front 17

List and describe all of the different ways in which botantists study plants

Back 17

Plant Anatomy, Physiology, Taxonomy, Geography, Ecology, Morphology, Economic Botany, and Enthnobotany

Front 18

Examples of some things that plants are used for in society

Back 18

Linens, fibers, clothes, food, medicines, lumber

Front 19

Attributes of living things and how they apply to plants

Back 19

Growth
Reproduction
Cell Structure: Organismal complexity
Response to stimuli: Callose and callus
Metabolism: Respiration for energy release, Photosynthesis for energy harnessing, Digestion, Assimilation as Conversion of raw materials into cell substances
Movement: Cytoplasmic streaming

Front 20

Callose and callus?

Back 20

Two substances that make accumulate at wound sites

Front 21

Different types of metabolic activity in plants?

Back 21

- Respiration for energy release
- Photosynthesis for energy harnessing
- Digestion for breaking down insoluble food particles into soluble foods
- Assimilation as conversion of raw materials into cell substances

Front 22

Function of cell wall?

Back 22

Structure, protection

Front 23

What is cytoplasm?

Back 23

The part of the protoplasm outside the nucleus in which the cisternal elements and membrane-bound organelles lie.

Front 24

What is cytosol?

Back 24

The liquid part of the cytoplasm

Front 25

Function of cellulose? What is it made of?

Back 25

Main component of cell wall. For rigidity.

The primary wall and also the secondary cell wall, often added inside the primary wall, are composed of cellulose polymers, with hemicelluloses and glycoproteins. Secondary cell walls contain lignin that strengthens the wall.

Front 26

Middle lamella?

Back 26

1st part of cell wall formed; sticky substance. Sandwiched between the primary cell walls of adjacent cells.

Front 27

Structure of plasma membrane

Back 27

Made of phospholipid bilayer. which is sandwich-like and often forms folds, constitutes the outer boundary of the cytoplasm. It regulates the substances that enter and leave the cell.

Front 28

Function of nucleus?

Back 28

To hold all genetic material, make DNA

Front 29

What holds nucleus together?

Back 29

The nucleus is bounded by a nuclear envelope consisting of two membranes that are perforated by numerous pores.

Front 30

Constituents of nucleus

Back 30

Within the nucleus are a fluid called nucleoplasm, one or more spherical nucleoli, and thin strands of chromatin, which condense and become chromosomes when nuclei divide. Each species of organism has a specific number of chromosomes in each cell.

Front 31

Function of the ER

Back 31

Cellular communication. Storing and transporting of protein and other cell products.

Front 32

What holds ER together?

Back 32

The endoplasmic reticulum is a system of flattened sacs and tubes associated with the storing and transporting of protein and other cell products. Granular particles called ribosomes, which function in protein synthesis, may line the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 33

Function of ribosomes

Back 33

Granular particles called ribosomes, which function in protein synthesis, may line the outer surfaces of the endoplasmic reticulum

Front 34

What are dictysomes and what are their function?

Back 34

Dictyosomes are structures that appear as stacks of sacs and function as collecting and packaging centers for the cell.

Front 35

Describe the three kinds of plastids describe in class

Back 35

- Green plastids, known as chloroplasts, contain enzymes that catalyze reactions of photosynthesis. Double membrane, power house w metabolic capabilities, able to make own food, have own DNA
- Chromoplasts are colors like in tomatoes
- Leucoplasts

Front 36

Stroma

Back 36

Enzyme filled matrix within chloropasts

Front 37

Grama

Back 37

In chloroplasts; made of thylakoids. Membranes of thylakoids have chlorophyll

Front 38

Function of mitochondria

Back 38

Mitochondria are tiny, numerous organelles that are bounded by two membranes with inner platelike folds called cristae; they are associated with cellular respiration.

Front 39

Microbodies are...

Back 39

Small spherical bodies w a single membrane throughout cytoplasm which contain special enzymes

Front 40

Perioxisomes

Back 40

A microbody. Serve in photorespiration

Front 41

Glyoxisomes

Back 41

Microbody. Aids of converting fat to carbs

Front 42

Describe vacuole in a young and mature cell.

Back 42

Vacuoles in matures cells are bigger, 90% of volume taken up by central vac bounded by membrane (tonoplast)

Front 43

What fills vacuoles?

Back 43

Cell sap and water-soluble pigments

Front 44

Function of cytoskeleton

Back 44

The cytoskeleton, which is involved in the architecture of cells and internal movement, is composed of microtubules and microfilaments. Microfilaments may be responsible for cytoplasmic streaming

Front 45

Where does mitosis take place in plants?

Back 45

Meristems

Front 46

Phases of Mitosis

Back 46

Mitosis is arbitrarily divided into four phases:
(1) prophase, in which the chromosomes and their two-stranded nature become apparent and the nuclear envelope breaks down
(2) metaphase, in which the chromosomes become aligned at the equator of the cell; a spindle composed of spindle fibers is fully developed, with some spindle fibers being attached to the chromosomes at their centromeres
(3) anaphase, in which the sister chromatids of each chromosome (now called daughter chromosomes) separate lengthwise, with each group of daughter chromosomes migrating to opposite poles of the cell
(4) telophase, in which each group of daughter chromosomes becomes surrounded by a nuclear envelope, thus becoming new nuclei, and a wall dividing the daughter nuclei forms, creating two daughter cells.

Front 47

Meristem?

Back 47

Permanent regions of active cell growth

Front 48

Difference b/w apical and lateral meristem

Back 48

Apical: At tips of root and shoots, Primary growth increasing length
Lateral: Increase girth, secondary growth

Front 49

Three primary meristems

Back 49

- Protoderms
- Ground Meristems
- Procambium

Front 50

Diff b/w primary and secondary growth

Back 50

Primary: Increase in length
Secondary: Increase in girth

Front 51

Two types of lateral meristems

Back 51

Vascular cambium: Support
Cork cambium: Lies outside vas. cambium

Front 52

How are grasses' meristems different from other plants?

Back 52

Don't have vascular cambium nor cork cambium

Front 53

Intercalary meristems?

Back 53

Develop at intervals along stem where they add to stem length

Front 54

The three types of simple tissue

Back 54

Parenchyma, Colenchyma, Schlerenchyma

Front 55

Parenchyma

Back 55

Composed of parenchymal cells, tend to have large vacuoles and many contain various secretions

Front 56

Aerenchyma

Back 56

Parenchymal tissue w/extensive connected air sacs

Front 57

Chlorenchyma

Back 57

Have lots of chloroplasts, Lots of photosynthesis

Front 58

Colenchyma

Back 58

Have living cytoplasm and may live extended time. Flexible support for organs

Front 59

Schlerenchyma

Back 59

Cells w/thick tough secondary walls, normally impregnated w/lignin

Front 60

Examples of stone cells and fibers

Back 60

Stone cells: Pear tissue
Fibers: Hemp

Front 61

Xylem

Back 61

Chief conducting tissue for water and minerals absorbed by the roots. Roots to shoots.
- Vessels: Made of vessel elements. Long tubes open at each end
- Tracheids: Tapered at ends w/pits that allow water passage b/w cells
- Rays: Lateral conduction

Front 62

Phloem

Back 62

Contains dissolved food particles produced by photosynthesis throughout the plant
- Shoots to roots
- Sieve tube members: Large cylindrical
- Sieve plates: Porous region
- Companion cells: Narrow, tapered

Front 63

Epidermis

Back 63

Outermost layer of cells. One cell thick

Front 64

Products of epidermal cells

Back 64

Cutin, Root epidermis produces root hairs

Front 65

What secretory tissues produce?

Back 65

Secretory tissues occur in various places in plants; they secrete substances such as nectar, oils, mucilage, latex, and resins.

Front 66

Periderm?

Back 66

Outer bark, composed of cork cells, cytoplasm of cork cells secrete suberin into the walls

Front 67

Lenticles

Back 67

When some parts of the cork cambium form loosely arranged pockets of parenchymal cells that protrude from the surface of the periderm

Front 68

Radicle?

Back 68

First root

Front 69

Purpose of root hairs and how they are formed

Back 69

Region of maturation. Some of the epidermal cells in the region of maturation develop root hairs; the root hairs greatly increase the absorptive surface of the root; adheres tightly to soil particles

Front 70

Types of tissue found in the region of maturation

Back 70

Root hairs, Cortex, Endodermis, Vascular cylinder

Front 71

Cortex?

Back 71

Region of maturation. Parenchymal cell b/w epidermis and vascular cylinder. Used for food storage

Front 72

Endodermis?

Back 72

- inner boundary of cortex, single layered cylinder of compact cells.
- Cell walls w/suberin bands called casparian strips on radial and tangential walls
- forces water and dissolved substances entering and leaving central core to pass thru epidermis
- Regulates types of minerals absorbed

Front 73

Vascular cylinder

Back 73

Region of maturation. Core of tissue inside epidermis. Forms lateral branch roots. Most cells are primary xylem or primary phloem