Bm213 Block B

Front 1

What are the two categories of the autonomic nervous system?

Back 1

Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Front 2

What are efferent and afferent nerves?

Back 2

Efferent nerves conduct action potentials from the CNS to effector muscles

Afferent nerves conduct includes from receptors to CNS

Front 3

What's special about myelinated neurons?

Back 3

Nerve fibres are protected, nourished and insulated by myelin sheath

Front 4

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

Back 4

Involuntary systems within the body

Cardiac muscle

Smooth muscle

Glands

Front 5

What is the neurotransmitter present at all autonomic ganglia?

Back 5

Acetylcholine

Front 6

What does the sympathetic division do?

Back 6

Mobilies body systems for activity (flight or fight)

Front 7

What is the pathway of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Back 7

ACh interacts with nicotinic/ion channel receptors on the post junctional part which then promotes an action potential

At target tissue there is a release of ACh which acts on a muscarinic receptor

Front 8

What are the main catecholamines in the body?

Back 8

Adrenaline (epinephrine), noradrenaline (norepinephrine) and dopamine

Front 9

What do catecholamines do?

Back 9

Help the body respond to stress or flight or fight response

Front 10

What amino acid are all catecholamines synthesized from?

Back 10

Tyrosine

Front 11

What are the three ways catecholamines are inactivated/removed from the synapse?

Back 11

Transporter protein Uptake-1

Enzymatic inactivation

Diffusion

Front 12

What are the two main enzymes that inactivate catecholamines?

Back 12

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

Catechol-o-methyl transferase (COMT)

Front 13

Where is catechol-o-methyl transferase found?

Back 13

The extracellular fluid

Front 14

Where is monoamine oxidase found?

Back 14

Mitochondria of the nerve ending

Front 15

Why does the sympathetic nervous system play a crucial role in maintaining blood pressure under normal conditions?

Back 15

Only sympathetic nerve fibres innervate the smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls

Front 16

When does the parasympathetic division predominate?

Back 16

Under non stressful conditions such as times of rest and repair

Front 17

What types of muscarinic receptors are Gq coupled?

Back 17

M1

M3

M5

Front 18

What types of muscarinic receptors are Gi coupled?

Back 18

M2

M4

Front 19

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

Back 19

G protein coupled receptors

Front 20

What type of receptors are nicotinic receptors?

Back 20

Ligand gates ion channels

Front 21

What subtype of muscarinic receptor are found primarily in the cerebral cortex, gastric and salivary glands?

Back 21

M1

Front 22

What subtype of muscarinic receptor is located within the heart and lungs?

Back 22

M2

Front 23

What subtype of muscarinic receptor is predominantly found in smooth muscles of the blood vessels and lungs?

Back 23

M3

Front 24

What subtype of muscarinic receptor is found within the CNS

Back 24

M4

Front 25

Antagonists of muscarinic receptors

Back 25

Atropine and hyoscine

Front 26

Antagonists of nicotinic receptors

Back 26

Tubocurarine and atracurium

Front 27

What type of adrenoceptors are Gs /cAMP coupled?

Back 27

Beta receptors

Front 28

What g protein are alpha 1 adrenoceptors coupled to?

Back 28

Gq

Front 29

What g protein are alpha 2 adrenoceptors coupled to?

Back 29

Gi/o

Front 30

What kind of drugs are sympathomimetics?

Back 30

Drugs that mimic the actions of noradrenaline or adrenaline

Front 31

Name one alpha adrenoceptor antagonist

Back 31

Prazosin

Front 32

Name one beta adrenoceptor antagonist?

Back 32

Atenolol

Front 33

What type of receptors are adrenoceptors?

Back 33

G protein coupled receptors

Front 34

The walls of the heart composed of cardiac muscle cells

Back 34

Myocardium

Front 35

Inner surface of walls that is in contact with blood

Back 35

Endocardium

Front 36

Fluid filled membrane sac that contains the heart

Back 36

Pericardium

Front 37

Inner lining of the pericardium

Back 37

Epicardium

Front 38

Spread of electrical activity is detected by the

Back 38

Sino-atrial node (SA node)

Front 39

AV node ?

Back 39

Slows down the action potential so that ventricular myocardium can fully fill with blood

Front 40

SA node

Back 40

Hearts pacemaker

Front 41

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle

Back 41

The contractile phase

The relaxation/filling phase

Front 42

What is the contractile phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Back 42

Systolic

Front 43

What is the relaxation/filling phase of the cardiac cycle called?

Back 43

Diastolic

Front 44

What are the six events leading to cardiac contraction?

Back 44

1. Depolarisation of the plasma membrane

2. Opening of voltage sensitive calcium channels

3. Flow of calcium ions into cell

4. Calcium release from sarcoplasmic reticulum

5. Rise in cytosolic calcium ion conc

6. Contraction

Front 45

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

Back 45

It is a membrane bound structure found within muscle cells that is similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Front 46

What is an action potential ?

Back 46

An action potential is a transient depolarisation of the cell membrane

Front 47

How do u calculate resting membrane potential ?

Back 47

Nernst equation

Front 48

How to calculate cardiac output?

Back 48

Stroke volume X heart rate

Front 49

Stroke volume

Back 49

Volume of blood pumped per contraction

Front 50

End diastolic volume

Back 50

Volume of blood in ventricle before contraction

Front 51

Arterial blood pressure

Back 51

Cardiac output X total peripheral resistance

Front 52

Baroreceptor reflex

Back 52

Used to sense how stretched your blood vessels are in order to regulate blood pressure

Front 53

Chemoreceptor

Back 53

Used to sample levels of oxygen and CO2 conc

Front 54

Flow

Back 54

Change in pressure (between alveoli and atmosphere) / resistance

Front 55

What enzyme catalyses the movement of carbon dioxide from tissues to blood

Back 55

Carbonic anhydrase

Front 56

Intercoastal muscles and diaphragm are controlled within what part of the brain?

Back 56

Medulla oblongata and pons

Front 57

What kind of nerve control the skeletal muscle

Back 57

Motor nerves

Front 58

What are the three types of muscle fibres

Back 58

Slow oxidative

Fast oxidative

Fast glycolytic

Front 59

Myofibrils

Back 59

Basic rod like organelles within a muscle cell

Front 60

What is a thin filament made up of

Back 60

Troponin and tropomyosin

Front 61

What voltage sensor on sarcoplasmic reticulum causes calcium to be released into the cytosol when activated

Back 61

Ryanodine receptor

Front 62

Type 1 muscle fibres

Back 62

Slow oxidative

Front 63

Type IIa muscle fibres

Back 63

Fast oxidative

Front 64

Type IIb/X muscle fibres

Back 64

Fast glycolytic

Front 65

Muscle tension =

Back 65

Sum of recruitment of motor units

Front 66

V02 max

Back 66

(arterial oxygen content - venous oxygen content) X cardiac output