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66 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the kidneys |
Filtration, reabsorption and excretion |
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Erythropoietin |
Hormone that stimulates red blood cell production bone marrow |
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1-25-dihydroxyvitamin D |
Active form of vitamin D that helps regulate the amount of calcium and phosphate within the body |
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What is the functional unit of the kidneys? |
The nephron |
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The two functional units within the nephron |
Tubular component Vascular component |
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The main sections of the nephron |
Inner medulla Outer medulla Cortex |
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Glomerulus ultrafiltration system is made up of three layers |
Fenestrations Basement membrane Podocytes |
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Podocytes |
Cells in bowman's capsule that wrap around capillaries of the glomerulus They have a negative charge which stops proteins getting through to the tubular fluid |
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Glomerulus |
A network of small blood vessels located in the bowman's capsule |
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Sympathetic nerve |
Gives signals via neurotransmitter noradrenaline which modulates vascular tone |
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Juxtaglomerular cells |
Responsible for releasing the hormone renin and are activated by low pressure within the afferent arteriole |
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Macula densa cells |
Specialized cells that are sensitive to the amount of sodium in the filtrate which then can be relayed to the juxtaglomerular cells |
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Renin |
Enzyme that helps control your blood pressure as well as maintaining healthy levels of potassium and sodium within your body |
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GFR |
Glomerular filtrate rate |
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What can effect the GFR |
Antiduretic hormone Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
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4 forces that affect ultrafiltration |
Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure Bowman's space oncotic pressure Bowman's space hydrostatic pressure Glomerular capillary oncotic pressure |
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Pathway of Ultrafiltration system |
- Blood enters through afferent arteriole - filtration then occurs in the glomerulus - filtered blood then exits via the efferent arteriole - glomerular filtrate drains into the bowman's space and then into the proximal convoluted tubule |
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How does filtration occur in the glomerulus? |
Fine fenestrations allow water and dissolved elements in blood to pass through |
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There are two basic control systems that oversee blood pressure regulation within the kidneys |
Immediate response - autonomic nervous system Long term response - renin - agiotensin -aldosterone system |
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Angiotensin II |
- Increases blood pressure by vasoconstriction - stimulatea the release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex Stimulates release of anti-diuretic hormone |
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When is renin released |
Decrease in BP and blood volume Decrease in sodium in DCT Increase is sympathetic stimulation |
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Where is renin released |
Juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole |
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Aldosterone |
Increased sodium absorption Increased BP and blood volume |
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Where is aldosterone released |
Adrenal cortex |
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Where is ACE produced? |
In the lungs |
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ACE |
Angiotensin converting enzyme converts agiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 |
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Five types of drugs that are used to treat cardiovascular disease |
Diuretics Sympatholytics Drugs that act on RAAS Calcium channel blockers Direct-acting vasodilators |
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Sympatholytics |
Oppose the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the sympathetic nervous system |
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What are the three main classes of diuretics |
Loop diuretics Thiazides Potassium sparing diuretics |
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Where does furosemide act? |
Thick segment of the ascending loop of Henley |
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Where do thiazides act? |
Early distal convoluted tubule |
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Where do potassium sparing diuretics act? |
Late distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct |
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Diuresis |
A condition in which the kidneys filter too much bodily fluid |
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Natriuresis |
The process of sodium excretion in the urine through the action of the kidneys |
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Loop diuretics mechanism of action |
Act principally by inhibiting the sodium/potassium/chlorine co-transporter |
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Thiazide diuretics mechanism of action |
Inhibits the sodium/chlorine transporter in the distal tubule |
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Potassium sparing diuretics |
Distal tubule sodium channel inhibitor Aldosterone receptor inhibitor |
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Diuretics purpose |
Designed to increase the amount of urine and sodium expelled from the body |
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How does antiduretic hormone work? |
Increased the number of porins/water channels in DCT and collecting duct which increases water reabsorption |
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Name a ACE inhibitor |
Captopril Enalapril |
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Roles of the liver |
All Blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver Filtration Digestion Metabolism and detoxification Protein synthesis Storage of vitamins and minerals |
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Reticuloendothelial system |
Population of phagocytic cells within the liver that play an important role in the clearance of particles and soluble substances in the circulation and tissues |
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How are liver diseases diagnosed? |
Liver function test Complete blood count test Scans Liver biopsy |
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What is a liver function test |
Checks the enzyme and protein levels in your blood that are involved with the liver As well as bile levels |
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Hepatitis A |
Typically spread through contact with contaminated food and water Recovery in a few weeks |
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Hep B |
Spread through bodily fluids It is treatable but there is no cure |
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Hep C |
Spread through contact of blood Can lead to permanent liver damage |
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Hep D |
A serious form of hepatitis that only develops in people with hep B |
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Hep E |
Drinking contaminated water Clears up on its own in a few weeks |
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What are the two types of chronic hepatitis |
B and C |
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What are the two types of fatty liver disease |
Alcoholic and non-alcoholic |
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Cirrhosis of the liver |
Late stage of scarring and fibrosis of the liver caused by long term liver damage |
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What can fatty liver disease effect? |
Metabolism Bile production Cholesterol Haematological implications |
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Autonomic hepatitis |
Condition causes your immune system to attack your liver resulting in inflammation |
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Primary biliary cirrhosis |
Results form damage to the bile ducts in your liver causing a build up in bile |
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Primary sclerosing cholangitis |
Inflammatory condition causes gradual damage to your bile ducts leading to them eventually becoming blocked causing bile to build up in the liver |
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Prednisolone |
Mimics the actions of natural cortisol |
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Hepatocellular carcinoma |
Most common type of liver cancer |
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Cholestasis |
Impairment of bile formation and bile flow |
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Atherogenesis |
Atherosclerotic plaque buildup in arteries reducing blood flow |
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Where is cholesterol synthesised |
The cytoplasm and endoplasmic reticulum of the liver cells |
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5 functions of cholesterol |
Cell membranes Sex hormones Hormones released by adrenal glands Production of bile acids Production of vitamin D |
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Lipoprotein |
Type of protein that transports cholesterol |
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Hyperlipidemia |
High cholesterol |
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Statins mechanism of action |
They are a competitive inhibitor for an early and rate limiting step of cholesterol biosynthesis (HMG-coA reductase is blocked) |
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Pleiotropic effects |
Off target effects |
