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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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All cells must have what to maintain their organization? |
Energy |
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Energy |
the ability to do work - move matter |
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Kinetic Energy |
energy used to do work; any moving object (waterfall, bike down a hill, heat) |
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Potential Energy |
stored energy available to do work (compressed spring) |
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What is the unit of measurement for energy? |
calorie |
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calorie |
Amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius. |
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What is the unit of measuring in food labeling? |
Calorie (capital C) - 1 Calorie is a kilocalorie or 1,000 calories (lowercase c) |
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Can one kind of energy be transformed into another kind of energy? |
Law of energy conservation; energy can't be created or destroyed, but it can be converted into other forms of energy. |
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Second Law of Thermodynamics |
All energy transformations are inefficient because every reaction loses some energy to heat. |
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Can lost heat be returned to a usable energy form? |
No, it's irreversable |
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Entropy |
measures heat randomness, more disorder means higher entropy. |
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Does life violate or obey the laws of energy? |
Obey - energy is required to maintain organization, energy is lost (as heat) as it is converted from one form to another |
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What is the ultimate source of energy for living things? |
Sun |
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Metabolism |
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the cell or organism |
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Anabolism |
Reactions that build up (dehydration synthesis) |
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Catabolism |
reactions that break down (hydrolysis) |
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Synthesis |
Combination or composition; the production of chemical compounds by reactions from simpler materials |
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Degradtion |
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Reactants |
substances that participate in a chemical reaction |
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Products |
substances that form as a result of a reaction |
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Free energy |
the amount of energy avilable after a chemical reaction has occured. Change in free energy is a delta - amount of energy change between the reactants and the products. |
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Exergonic reactions |
products that have less free energy than the reactants, energy released, the reaction occurs spontanseously |
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Endergonic reactions |
requires energy imput for reaction to occur |
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Coupled reactions (ex) |
energy released from an exergonic reaction is used to drive an endergonic reaction. EX: ATP to ADP + P (releases energy for muscle contraction) |
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Oxidation |
Transfer energized electrons from 1 molecule to another. Loss of electrons/loss of energy |
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Reduction |
gain of electrons/gain of energy |
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Redox Reaction |
One substance loses electrons while anohter simultaneously gains electrons |
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Why do oxidation and reduction always happen together? |
Electrons must be gained from or given to another atom, ion, or molecule. |
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What is the energy currency of the cell? |
ATP |
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Structure of ATP molecule |
single nucleotide; adenine, the 5 carbon sugar: ribose and 3 phosphate. |
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Is ATP a high energy or low energy molecule |
High energy; energy is stored in the chemical bonds between phosphates |
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What provides energy to form ATP? |
"food" |
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Where is the energy stored in the ATP molecule |
At one location then moved from one part of a cell to another, where it can be released to drive other reactions |
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When ATP releases energy, what does it become? |
ADP |
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3 Functions of ATP |
Chemical work; synthesize macro molecules (anabolism). Transport work; "pump" substances across cell membrane. Mechanical work: muscle contraction, chromosome movement, power cilia and flagella |
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Change in free energy |
a delta - amount of energy change between the reactants and the products. |
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Metabolic pathway |
series of reactions to achieve a certain endpoint. Most involve multiple steps. |
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Enzyme |
Organic catalysts, usually proteins, that speed up chemical reactions without themselves being permanently changed by the reaction. "make chemistry happen" |
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Can a chemical reaction occur in a cell without the enzyme for that reaction? |
No |
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Substrate |
the reactants in an enzyme reaction that will be acted upon by the enzyme |
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Activation energy and how is it different when a reaction's enzyme is present? |
For reactions to occur energy must often be supplied to cause the reaction to become active. When no enzyme is presentthe reaction is too great to occur, when enzyme is present it's lowered to a point where the cell can supply the needed energy |
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greater or lesser substrate concentration |
increase in substrate concentration increases enzyme activity |
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change in pH |
movement away from optimal pH may stop the reaction |
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change in salt concentration |
movement away from optimal pH may stop the reaction |
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change in temperature |
warmer temps usually speed up reactions...within optimal range. excessive temp increase may be harmful and may denature the enzyme |
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enzyme concentration |
sually speeds up reactions |
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enzyme activation/deactivation |
processes may "turn on" an enzyme when they're needed and "tuned off" when not needed. |
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Negative feedback |
presece of product inhibits the action of the enzyme tghus slowing/stopping additional reaction until product is gone and more is needed |
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Solvent |
a liquid into which something may be dissolved |
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Concentration gradient |
The amount of difference in concentration of a solute from one point to another (or on each side of membrane). The greater the gradient the faster diffusion/osmosis occurs |
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Diffusion |
the net movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. |
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Permeable |
the state or condition in which a structure allows a substance through it |
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Selectively Permeable (Differently permeable) |
Allows only certain molecules and ions to enter and leave cytoplasm freely. Cell membrane |
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Impermeable |
Allows nothing to pass through. |
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Freely Permeable |
Allows anything to pass through without restriction |
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Solute |
A solid, liquid, or gas that is dissolved in a solvent (sugar) |
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Solution |
solvent with solute dissolved in it (sugar water) |
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Osmosis |
the movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration across a selectively permeable membrane until an equilibrium is reached. |
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Is osmosis a type of diffusion? |
yes |
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Tonicy |
the degree to which concentration gradient causes water to move into or out of cells across the cell membrane |
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Isotonic |
Concentration is the same on both sides |
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Hypotonic |
concentration is lower on the outside of the cell than the inside; water ENTERS the cell |
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Hypertonic |
concentration is higher outside the cell than inside; water LEAVES the cell |
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Osmotic Pressure |
the pressure that develops in a system due to osmosis |
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Cytolysis |
cell bursts due to excessive internal pressure |
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Turgor pressure |
plants; cell wall swells due to water pressure as water enters the cell. |
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Crenation |
wrinkling of cell as it "deflates" from water leaving the cell. (animals) |
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Plasmolysis |
shrinking of cytoplasm due to water loss, especially from central vacuole (plant - cell wall doesn't shrink) |
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Are diffusion and osmosis active or passive? |
Passive (no energy required) |
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Facilitated diffusion - active or passive? are the transport proteins specific in what they allow to pass through |
Passive - TP are specifice. |
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Active transport - in what direction is movement compared to concentration gradient? What is required for this to occur? Where does the energy come from? |
Movement from lower concentration to higher concentration from a transport protein and ATP |
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Sodium-potassium pump |
Example of active transport |
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Can substances be moved into or out of a cell using transport vesicles? Is it active or passive? |
Yes, but not easily and it is active |
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Would you expect cells that are involved primarily with active transport to have many mitochondria? |
Yes, because they need ATP to work aka energy aka mitochondria |
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Endocytosis |
a movement of substances into the cell by an infolding of cell membrane which encloses the substance within a membrane bound vesicle inside the cell |
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Pinocytosis |
"cell drinking" taking in liquid |
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Phagocytosis |
"cell eating" taking in particle sized substances |
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Receptor Mediated Endocytosis |
special protein receptor molecules on the cell membrane surface in specific regions attach to a specific type of molecule for endocytosis; such as certainvitamins, peptide hormones, and lipoproteins. The cell membrane then folds inward drawing that specific substance into the cell. Allows for selective uptake of specific substances. |
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Exocytosis |
The movement of substances out of the cell |
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Secrection |
Discharged from a cell |
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Excretion |
Eliminating or expelling waste matter |
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Role of CFTR in cystic fibrosis? |
reading assignment on page 80 |
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How does natural selection maintain cystic fibrosis in the human population? |
reading assignment on page 80 |
