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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3. The three large divisions of living things, archaea, bacteria and eukaryota, are known as the three ________________ of life
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domains
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4. The infoldings in the inner mitochondrial membrane are called_____________.
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cristae
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5. The theory that explains how certain organelles, particularly mitochondria and chloroplasts, evolved from prokaryotic cells is called______________________.
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the endosymbiont theory
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Vesicles inside a cell move along a specific type of cytoskeletal structure called
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microtubules
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7. The ________________group is an important functional group that, when it replaces a fatty acid in a fat, makes the lipid more amphipathic
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phosphate
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2. The pyrimidine bases in nucleic acids are
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a. Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil
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3. What is the difference between the template and non-template strand of a DNA molecule?
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c. The template strand is transcribed. The non-template strand is not.
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4. A certain length of DNA has the base sequence 5’-AAAGATTCCA-3’. On the opposing DNA strand we would expect to see:
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c. 5’-TGGAATCTTT-3’
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6. Microfilaments are composed of:
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actin
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8. Amobae have an organelle called the contractile vacuole that expels excess water. The organelle can actually be viewed and the more water that must be expelled, the more rapidly it pumps. When there is no excess water to expel, the pumping stops. Under which of the following conditions would you expect the contractile vacuole to be most active?
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a. The amoeba is placed in water with extremely low solute concentration
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9. A particular cell is isotonic with its environment. Which of the following statements is true?
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d. Water molecules would diffuse in and out at equal rates
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A given strand of DNA contains 16% Cytosine. Provide the % made of by each of the 3 other nucleotides in the double stranded DNA molecule
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16% Guanine
34% Adenine 34% Thymine |
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phospholipids are amphipathic, meaning...
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they are both hydrophobic (tail) and hydrophilic (head)
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the lipid bilayer is...
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the structure around cells and in cells
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length of fatty acid tails determine...
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the shape they produce
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space in-between fatty acid tails...
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determine solubility; more room=more can pass thru/permeable
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a phospholipids is made of?
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R group: small polar
phosphate group and fatty acid tails |
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a phospholipid's head is...
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hydrophilic and polar
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a phospholipid's tail is...
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hydrophobic, non-polar
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what are the 2 shapes lipids can form?
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micelles (like ball) and bilayers
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hydrophobic cholesterol structures
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isoprene tail and steroid rings
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hydrophilic cholesterol structure
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R -group = hydroxyl group
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cholesterol in what kinds of cells?
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not in bacteria, minutely in plant, most in animal cells
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liver makes _____g of cholesterol per day
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one
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what is hypercholesteroemia?
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massive intake of cholesterol=difficult for body to get rid of= this disease
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what is HDL and what does it do?
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high density lipoproteins: carry cholesterol from tissue to liver
also can remove plaque from arteries (good cholesterol) |
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what is LDL and what does it do?
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Low Density lipoproteins: carries cholesterol from liver to tissues (badd cholesterol)
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when the doctor checks cholesterol, what is he looking for?
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the ratio of HDL to LDL
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what is earwax made of?
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squalene, lanosterol, and cholesterol
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what is the relationship between the number of nucleotides and the complexity of the organism?
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there isnt one
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what are the 2 types of nucleic acid
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DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA: ribonucleic acid |
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what is the genetic basis of all life forms
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DNA
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DNA is built upon what?
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nucleotide monomers
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what are chromosomes?
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long polymers of DNA
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what is the structure of a nucleotide monomer?
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phosphate group + 5 carbon sugar +nitrogenous base
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what is the 5 carbon sugar called in RNA
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ribose
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what is the 5 carbon sugar called in DNA?
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deoxyribose
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name the nitrogen bases
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cytosine, uracil, thymine, guanine, and adenine
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what are the pyrimidines?
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cytosine, and uracil or thymine
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what are the purines?
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guanine and adenine
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what base is only used in RNA? DNA?
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RNA= uracil
DNA= thymine |
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which is larger purines or pyrimidines?
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purines
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who found the shape of DNA on a x-ray crystallography?
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Rosalind Franklin
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what are the Chargaff rules?
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1. in any cell # of purines + # of pyrimidines (a+g=C+t)
2. the # of T=the # of A and C=G |
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what did Watson and Crick do?
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worked out the structure of DNA; finally came to a double helix from the work of Franklin (wilkins) and the Chargaff rules.
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what is a gene?
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a sequence in DNA
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amino acids in DNA are grouped in?
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triplets
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DNA functions?
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unit of inheritance and act as the blueprint for proteins in own body
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is DNA involved in building a protein?
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NO just holds the blueprints
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what is DNA replication?
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when the 1 pair are unwound and twin strands are built to now create 2 separate pairs of DNA from the one original.(each step done by enzymes)
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in DNA replication, what enzyme moves along old strand and builds the new one?
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DNA polymerase
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what are the 3 types of RNA?
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messenger, ribosomal, and transfer
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what is involved in transcription?
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DNA and RNA
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how many sides of DNA can be transcribed?
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one
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what is mRNAs role in transcription?
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mRNA synthesis (molding to the side you want transcribed)
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what tells mRNA to begin transcription?
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a promoter sequence 5-6 bases long
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what is the use of the template in the transcription process?
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the strand of DNA that is paired up with the mRNA;noncoding
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what is the use of the non-template in the transcription process?
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not paired up with the mRNA but can be use to determine the code for the mRNA (coding strand)
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there are only 20+/- amino acids, but there is a possibility of 64, why is this?
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because many of the amino acids can be coded by more than one triplet.
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which DNA strand can genes be found?
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both
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what moves along the RNA to build the protein? what is this called?
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ribosomes; translation
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what is a cell?
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fundamental unit of life
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is a virus considered a true life form, and why?
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NO; because it parasites on cells.
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who founded "cellulae" from looking at the bark of an oak tree?
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Robert Hook
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what did Robert Hook really see in his microscope?
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probably the cell walls of dead oak bark
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what did Leevwenhock create?
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he perfected the microscope from a glass making hobby
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who seem the first micro-organisms and called them "animalcules"?
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Leevwenhock
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what is a plasma membrane?
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a lipid by-layer of a cell that contains the cytoplasm
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what is a cytoplasm?
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the contains of a cell
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nucleotides consist of what?
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pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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the pentose sugar can either be...?
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ribose or dioxyribose
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nucleotide monomers are linked by?
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phosphodiester linkage and DNA or RNA polymerse enzymes
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what had phosphate backbones?
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DNA and RNA
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genes encode what?
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single polypeptides
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mRNA has what purpose?
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to produce proteins from DNA blueprint
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the production of mRNA from a DNA template is called?
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transcription
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the production of protein form mRNA is called?
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translation
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Schwann & Schleider developed what?
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cell theory
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what is cell theory?
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1. all living things composed of 1+ cells
2. cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life |
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Virchon did what?
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added a 3rd rule to cell theory; all cells are derived from pre-existing cells
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