Biology Midterm Review

Front 1

What does magnification mean?

Back 1

Magnification is the ability to make the image appear larger than it actually is.

Front 2

What is meant by "field of view" when looking under a microscope?

Back 2

Field of view is the image you see looking through a mircroscope. AND, it decreases as the magnification increases

Front 3

If you looked at a specimen under the 10X lens and then looked at in under the 40X, what happens to the field of view?

Back 3

The field of view will increase.

Front 4

What is a micrometer?

Back 4

A micrometer(um) is equal to 0.000001 or one millionth of a millimeter.

Front 5

The microscopes we use in class are called compound microscopes, what does that mean?

Back 5

A compound microscope has more than one lens

Front 6

How do electron microscopes differ from compound microscopes?

Back 6

Electron microscopes can magnify up to 200,000X and could be used to study the smallest animals. It also uses electrons to create an image of an object

Front 7

Describe the difference between high, low and scanning power. What order should we look at specimens with these powers?

Back 7

High power is
Low power is
Scanning power is

The order we should look at them is scanning, low, high

Front 8

What is resolution?

Back 8

Resolution is a measure of the clarity of an image. Or, the ability to see the specimen detail

Front 9

What is contrast?

Back 9

Contrast is the ability to see specimen detail using stains and dyes

Front 10

Why would you want to stain a specimen before looking at it under a microscope?

Back 10

You would stain a specimen to improve contrast

Front 11

What is the difference between course adjustment and fine adjustment knob on the microscope?

Back 11

Course adjustment moves the stage up/down. Used only under scanning power.
Fine adjustment makes what your viewing clear and is used under high power

Front 12

How do you figure out the total magnification of an object?

Back 12

You multiply the the lens power by the eye piece power.

Front 13

When you move the slide down and to the left, which way does the image move as you look at it through the lens?

Back 13

It moves up and to the right.

Front 14

What is the difference between a wet and dry mount?

Back 14

A wet mount has water on the slide so you can see it clearer.

Front 15

Describe the difference between an independent, dependent and control variable.

Back 15

An independent variable is the variable changes/varies.

A dependent variable is measured

A control variable is an experiment that recieves no experiemental treatment.(It remains constant)

Front 16

What is the purpose of having experimental and control groups in an experiement?

Back 16

To make sure you ony measure the one thing that you want

Front 17

What are the steps of Scientific Method?

Back 17

1. State the problem
2. Make observations
3. Form a hypothesis
4. do the experiment
5. Draw a conclusion

Front 18

Describe the difference of observation, hypothesis and theory?

Back 18

Observation-you can see or watch

Hypothesis-a prediction or educated guess.

Theory-well tested and proven hypothesis

Front 19

Does a hypotheis always have to be proven? Explain

Back 19

No, it is thrown away or revised if it fails

Front 20

What is a hydrogen bond and what does it have to do with water?

Back 20

Hydrogen bonds are when positive and negative regions are attracted to the oppositely-charged regions of molecules that are close to them

Front 21

Water is a polar molecule. What does this mean?

Back 21

A polar molecule has positive and negative ends

Front 22

What is an organic molecule?

Back 22

An organic molecule has a molecule of carbon in it.

Front 23

What are the four classes of organic molecules discussed in class?

Back 23

1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4.Nucleic Acids

Front 24

What is the relationship of a polymer and a monomer?

Back 24

A polymer is made of many monomers

Front 25

What is the monomer of a carbohydrate?

Back 25

saccharide(monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysacchride)

Front 26

What are the basic structure and characeristics of a monosaccharides? Name three

Back 26

A single sugar.
1.Glucose
2.Fructose
3.Galactose

Front 27

Compare the similarities and differences between a polysaccharide and glucose.

Back 27

A polysaccharide are many glucose molecules put together. glucose is one sugar and "poly" means many

Front 28

What is a disaccharide and how is it made?

Back 28

A disaccharide is made up of two sugars. Maltose

Front 29

Define polysaccharide and give two examples.

Back 29

Polysaccharide means many sugars.
1. Starch
2.Glycogen
3. Cellulose
(bread and pasta)

Front 30

What are the monomers of lipids?

Back 30

They are fatty acids and glycerol

Front 31

What is one of the functions of lipids in the cell?

Back 31

One function of a lipid is to

Front 32

What is the basic structure of triglycerides?

Back 32

Triglycerides

Front 33

What are the differences in the structural and physical properties of a saturated and unsaturated fat?

Back 33

Saturated: comes from animals and is solid at room temperature (like butter)

Unsaturated: comes from plants and is liquid at room temperature (like olive oil)

Front 34

How does the structure of a triglyceride differ than a phospholipid?

Back 34

Structurally a triglyceride a phospholipid

Front 35

What is the monomer of a protein?

Back 35

It is an amino acid

Front 36

What are amino acids? How many are their?

Back 36

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
Their are 20.

Front 37

Describe where peptide bonds form?

Back 37

Peptide bonds are bonds between amino acids

Front 38

What is an enzyme? Are they proteins, lipids, or carbohydrates?

Back 38

An enzyme is a type of protein that speeds up chemical reactions (like digestion)

It is a protein.

Front 39

What is the monomer of nucleic acid?

Back 39

Nucleotides

Front 40

Name 2 different nucleic acids.

Back 40

1. DNA
2. RNA

Front 41

Describe where peptide bonds form?

Back 41

Peptide bonds form in

Front 42

Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes, which are associated with bacteria and which with an animal.

Back 42

Prokaryotes lack nucleus and are associated with bacteria

Eukaryotes are associated with a plant and animal cell and contain a nucleus, genetic material, and specialized organelles

Front 43

A prokayotic organism is usually howmany cells big? How does this compare to eukaryotes?

Back 43

A prokayote has one cell
A eukaryote has many cells

Front 44

What are the characteristics and parts of the cell membrane?

Back 44

A cell membrane is selectively permeable and it regulates what goes in and out of a cell

Also, lipid bilayers are the basic units from which cell membranes are constructed

Front 45

What is the function of a carbohydrate on the cell membrane?

Back 45

A carbohydrate is the ID tag

Front 46

Draw a cell membrane

Back 46

Cell membrane

Front 47

What is the difference between hydrophillic and hydrophobic? Which part of the cell membrane is which?

Back 47

Hydrophillic is "water loving" (the heads of the lipid bilayer)

Hydrophobic is "fear of water" (the tails)

Hydrophobic lacks water/nonpolar tail

Front 48

What part of the cell membrane is water attracted to?

Back 48

It is attracted to Polar

Front 49

What is a nuclear envelope?

Back 49

A nuclear envelope is surrounds and protects the nucleus. Nucleolus-ribosomes are assembled.

Front 50

What is a nucleolus?

Back 50

A nucleolus makes ribosomes

Front 51

What is DNA?

Back 51

DNA is deoxribose nuclic acid. Use for carring hereditary information for eukaryotic cells.

DNA is found in chromosomes

Front 52

What is cytoplasm?

Back 52

Cytoplasm is liquid inside the cell AND the process of transcription in prokaryotic cells occurs here

Front 53

What is permeability?

Back 53

Permeability is allows fluids to pass through

Front 54

What is impermeability?

Back 54

Impermeability does not allow fluids to pass through

Front 55

What is selectively permeable?

Back 55

Selectively permeable is allows certain substances to pass through(refers to the cell membrane)

Front 56

Which of the methods in which materials move through a cell are considered acitve and which are considered passive? What makes a method "active"?

Back 56

Passive transport is movement of molecules with the concentration gradient high to low. osmosis, facilitated diffusion doesn't require energy from the cell.

Active transport is the movement of molecules with the concentration gradient from low to high. Sodium-potassium pump, endocytosisi, exocytosis, needs energy.

Front 57

Describe and compare diffusion and osmosis?

Back 57

Diffusion the movement of molecules of gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 58

What is the relationship between solution, solvents, and solutes?

Back 58

Solution:A mixture in which one or more substances are evenly distributed

Solvent: chemicals that dissolve other chemicals

Solutes: A substance that is dissolved in a solvent. One of the two parts(alond with solvent) which make up a solution

Front 59

What is equillibrium?

Back 59

When particles are moving at equal rates in opposite directions

Front 60

Do molecules ever stop diffusing?

Back 60

No. The molecules never stop moving

Front 61

What effect would increasing the temperature have on diffusing?

Back 61

The higher the temperature...the faster the rate of diffusion

Front 62

Describe facilitated diffusion.

Back 62

Facilitated diffusion is a form of passive transport that uses carrier proteins

Front 63

Illistrate the terms hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic using the example of red blood cells and a variety of different salt concentrations.

Back 63

Hypertonic: the fluid outside the cell is lower than inside the cell....so water moves out of the cell and the cell shrinks.

Hypotonic: the fluid outside of the cell is higher than inside the cell...so water moves in the cell and the cell swells

Isotonic: fluid is same inside and outside of the cell...so water moves in both directions

Front 64

Describe the main types of active transport and how they function.

Back 64

Exocytosis: gets large molecules out of cell

Endocytosis: gets large molecules into cell

Molecules move from low to high

Front 65

Cell parts of animal/plant

Back 65

Animal/Plant
Ribosomes-cellular structures on which proteins are made.
Golgi apparatus-process proteins and then packages them and sends them to new vessels.
Lysosomes-oraganelle in Eukaryote cell that contains digestive enzymes.
Vacuoles-to store water, ions, nutrients and waste.
Cytoskeleton-outer covering.

Front 66

What is cellular respiration?

Where does it occur?

Back 66

Cellular respiration converts energy inro ATP by breaking down Glucose. It takes place in the Mitochondria and it makes carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

Equation:

It occurs in all eukaryotic cells

Front 67

What does anaerobic/aerobic mean?

Back 67

Cellular respiration is an aerobic process because it requires oxygen

Anaerobic means it does not require oxygen.

Aerobic means requires oxygen.

Front 68

In what case does a muscle cell employ fermenation instead of cellular respiration

Back 68

When your muscles run out of oxygen....Lactid Acid Fermentaion takes place

Front 69

Describe alcoholic fermentation

Back 69

alcoholic Fermentation is when yeast converts pyruvic acid to alcohol and carbon dioxide

Front 70

How is energy released from a molecule of ATP?

Back 70

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down Glucose

Front 71

Describe photosynthesis and write the equation.

Back 71

Photosynthesis the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy.
Equation:
12H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6+ 6O2+6H20

Front 72

What types of organisms go through the process of photosynthesis?

Back 72

Plants, algea, and some bacteria go through photosyntheis.

Front 73

What do plants have that help them absorb light energy? Where are they located?

Back 73

They have chloroplasts, which are located on

Front 74

Why do plants leaves appear green?

Back 74

They are green because they reflect the green wavelength

Front 75

What part of white light do plants use the least?

Back 75

Green is the least useful because it is reflected and not absorbed

Front 76

Draw a label a chloroplast.

Back 76

Chloroplast the organelle that uses light energy tht makes carbohydrate from carbon dioxide and water. (Plant)

Front 77

Draw and label a mitochondria?

Back 77

Mitochondria provides all the energy for the cell and breaks down the food for the plant and animal.

Front 78

What is the difference between a heterothoph and an autothroph?

Back 78

Heterotrophs cannot perform photosynthesis




Autotroph is

Front 79

What is DNA and where is it found?

Back 79

DNA is genetic code and it is found in the chromosomes

Front 80

Describe the DNA molecule. Structure, chemical bonds, where is the genetic code?

Back 80

DNA is shaped as a double helix(discovered by Watson and Crick).
The basic subunit of DNA is a nucleotide

DNA makes proteins

Front 81

What are the three types of RNA? Where are they found? What the four bases of RNA?

Back 81

Three types: mRNA, tRNA,
Found in the ribosomes.
Four bases are cytosine, guanine, uracil, thymine

Front 82

When does DNA replicate itself? Where in the cell does replication take place?

Back 82

It replicates occurs during the cell cylce, before a cell division takes place in the mitochondria.

Front 83

Why does DNA need to replicate?

Back 83

It needs to replicate in order to copy itself to grow new cells

Front 84

List the steps that take place in order for DNA to replicate?

Back 84

1.The orginal two DNA strands seperate.
2. DNA plymearse and comlimentary nucleotides to each strand.
3. The DNA moleculed form identical to the orginal DNA molecule

Front 85

Describe the role the enzymes DNA polymerse and DNA helicase play in DNA replication.

Back 85

DNA polymerase moves along each oher of the DNA strands.
DNA helicase-DNA double stranded helical nuclelic acid that stores hereditary info. Enens are sectiosn of a chromosome that does for a protein.

Front 86

What is the relationship between the following words and each other; DNA, gene, protein?

Back 86

DNA double stranded helical nucleic acid that stores hereditary information
gene-section of a chromosome that codes for a protein are RNA molecule
protein-are organic compound made of amino acids.

Front 87

Why is mRNA needed to make a protein?

Back 87

mRNA is needed to send information to help make the protein.

Front 88

Explain Transcription

Back 88

Transcription proteins are transferred from a gent to a RNA molecule (proteins are coded in the sequence of nucleotides)

Front 89

What role does the enzyme RNA polymerase play in transcription?

Back 89

RNA polymearse-

Front 90

Describe using these terms what happens when mRNA reaches the ribsosome? (Ribosome, mRNA, tRNA, codon, anticodon, amino acid, protein

Back 90

The ribosomal subunits, the mRNA ands the tRNA carry the methonine bind together.
THe tRNA carrying the amino acid specified by the codon in the A site arrives.
A peptide bond forms between adjacent amino acids.
The tRNA in the p_______ and _________and leaves amino acids behind.
The tRNA carring the amino acid specified by the codon in the A site arrives.
A peptide bond is formed.
THe newly made protein is released.

Front 91

What is the process described above called?

Back 91

It is called Transcription

Front 92

What ist he difference between a point and a frame-shift mutation?

Back 92

A point mutation change one or just a few nucleotides in a gene on a chromosome .

A frame-shift a mutation that causes a gene to be read in the wrong three nucleotide sequence.

Front 93

Insertion, deletion, and substitution are 3 types of mutations. Describe and tell which type.

Back 93

Insertion- deletion-frame mutation-

one or more nucleotides are added to or deleted from a gene.

Front 94

Where does carbon dioxide enter the plant

Back 94

Through the stomata

Front 95

What are the raw materials needed for photosynthesis?
What is the waste product?

Back 95

Needed: Water, Sunlight, and Carbon Dioxide

Waste: Oxygen

Front 96

What is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

Back 96

Glysolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.

Front 97

Where does transcription occur?

Back 97

In Eukaryotic cells it occus in the Nucleus

In Prokaryotic cells it occurs in the cytoplasm

Front 98

What is a peptide bond?

Back 98

A bond formed by joining two amino acids