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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Formula for hydroxyl group
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-OH
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Formula for carbonyl group
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-C=O
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Formula for carboxyl group
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C=O
-H c double bond o single bond h |
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Formula for Amino group
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NH2
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Formula for sulfhydryl group
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-SH
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Formula for phosphate group
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P bonded to four O double bonded to one
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How many functional groups are there?
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6
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alcohols
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molecules that have OH functional groups
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aldehyde
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carbonyl group at the end of chain
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ketone
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carbonyl group somewhere in the middle
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carboxylic acids
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molecules that contain carboxyl group
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What functional group is a source of H+
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carboxyl
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Amines
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molecules with an amino group
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Amino groups act as a
base or acid? |
base
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thiols
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molecules that have sulfhydryl group, important for stabilizing proteins
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How many phosphates does ATP have?
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3
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isomers
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same molecular formula but different structures and properties
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structural isomers
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different covalent arrangement
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geometric isomers
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same formula and covalent arrrangement but differ in spacial arrangement around double bond
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enantiomers
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mere images of eachother but can never be the same. left and right glove
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L or R amino acids occur in nature?
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L
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polymers
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chains of monomers
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dehydration reaction
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taking out water to put two monomers together
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hydrolysis-
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adding water to breakdown polymer into its monomers
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function of carbohydrates
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used for energy
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What are monomers of carbs?
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monosaccharides
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disaccharides
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two monomers put together by glycosidic linkage
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glycosidic linkage
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linkage that joins two monosaccharides together
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polysaccharide used for storage in plants?
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starch
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polysaccharide used for storage in animals?
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glycogen
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polysaccharide used for structure in plants?
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cellulose
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polysaccharide used for structure in animals?
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chitin
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what are the 4 types of macromolecules?
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carbohydrate, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
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What do lipids consist of?
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hydrocarbons with non-polar bonds
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what do fats consist of?
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glycerol and fatty acids
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what do fatty acids consist of?
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carbon chain and carboxyl group
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ester linkage
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carboxyl group bonded with hydrogen of (OH)
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saturated fatty acid
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no double bonds
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unsaturated fatty acids
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have double bonds
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what makes up phospholipids
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lipi with phosphate group
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phosphate head is hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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hydrophilic
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What macromolecule group does steroids belong to?
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lipids
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Proteins are made of _____?
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amino acids
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what functional groups are in proteins?
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carboxyl and amino
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What do all amino acids have?
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alpha carbon
carboxyl group amino group sidechain |
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How many amino acids are there?
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20
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nonpolar= hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
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hydrophobic
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If R group has a negative charge is is basic or acidic?
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acidic
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Peptide bonds
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bonds that link amino acids
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Where do peptide bonds form?
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Between C and N
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Primary structure
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sequence of amino acids
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secondary structure
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regions of coiling or folding
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what causes coiling or folding in proteins?
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hydrogen bonds on backbone
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tertiary structure
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irregular shape changes
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what causes tertiary structure?
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interactions of side chains
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hydrophoblic interactions
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molecules in middle trying to get away
-ex. van der waals interactions |
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quarternary structure
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interactions between subunits
-> helix or clumped |
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denaturation
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changing the conformation of structure due to temp or PH
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Function of nucleic acids
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carry genetic information
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What are the 3 parts of a nucelotide?
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pentose sugar
phosphate group nitrogeneous base |
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phosphodiester linkage
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nucelotides joined together
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selective permeability
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membrane can control what goes in and out of a cell
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can phospholipids switch vertically?
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no
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protype
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mammal from which all other mammals descended
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evolution
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process of change that has transformed life on earth
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emergent properties
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new properties that arise with each step up in the hierarchy of life
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hierarchy
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atoms, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms, population, community, ecosystems
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phylogeny
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evolutionary relationships
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what did carl con linne do?
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he did a lot of collecting. He wanted to give a name to all organisms known to man
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Do you capitalize genus?
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yes
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Do you capitalize species?
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no
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What did aristotle do?
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tried to arrange all living things from simple to complex.
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What do judeo-christians believe?
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they believe each species was crated individually by God
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catasrophism
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extinctions caused by catastrophes
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What did jean baptiste lamarck realize?
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that fossils were in a cronological sequence.
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spontaneous generation
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living organisms from nonliving material
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mechanisms for natural selection by lamarck
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1: use and disuse
2: inheritance of acquired characteristics |
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Uniformitarianism
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changes on earth happen slowly overtime
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evolution
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change over time in genetic composition of popukation
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covalent bonds
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sharing electrons
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properties of water (6)
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1: cohesive
2: surface tension 3: high specific heat 4: high heat of vaporization 5: expands when freezes 6: excellent solvent |
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what is high specific heat?
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amount of heat is takes to change temp by 1 degree celcius
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What is high heat of vaporization?
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heat needed for 1g of liquid to turn into a gas
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What is the order or hierarchal system?
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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
KPCOFGS |
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What were darwins 3 observations?
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1: variation
2: variation must be heritable 3: more offspring than can survive |
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What are some sources of evidence for evolution?
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fossil record, biogeography, comparative anatomy,
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biogeography
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study of distribution of species
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