Functional Groups

Front 1

alkane

Back 1

simple C bonds, saturated, suffix (ane)

Front 2

alkene

Back 2

double C bonds, suffix (ene)

Front 3

alkyne

Back 3

triple C bonds, suffix (yne)

Front 4

halide

Back 4

C is bonded to 1 H and 1 X (halogen, can be F, Cl, Br, I)

Front 5

arene

Back 5

aka aromatic ring or aromatic hydrocarbon (many of compounds have a sweet scent), 9 bonds shared between 6 C atoms, electrons move around

Front 6

alcohol

Back 6

OH bonded to C, suffix (ol), ex. CH3OH is methanol

Front 7

ether

Back 7

O between 2 C's

Front 8

amine

Back 8

C bonded to N with a free pair (2 electrons)

Front 9

thiol

Back 9

C bonded to SH (thio is Greek for sulfur)

Front 10

sulfide

Back 10

analogous to ethers (S at the place of O), 2 C's bonded to an S

Front 11

disulfide

Back 11

C bonded to S, bonded to another S, bonded to C (2 S atoms btwn 2 C atoms)

Front 12

sulfoxide

Back 12

sulfide structure (S btwn 2 C atoms) with O single bonded to S atom, S remains 1+, O remains 1-

Front 13

aldehyde

Back 13

carbonyl group in it, with 1 of remaining 2 bonds attaching to H, last remaining bond to something else, suffix (al)

Front 14

carbonyl group

Back 14

C double bonded to O

Front 15

ketone

Back 15

C atom bonded to 2 other C atoms and double bonded to O atom, suffix (one)

Front 16

carboxylic acid

Back 16

organic, COOH, C double bonded to O and single bonded to OH and another C

Front 17

ester

Back 17

C double bonded to O, single bonded to another O, which is attached to another C atom, suffix (oate)

Front 18

thioester

Back 18

like ester, but S at the place of single bonded O, so C double bonded to O atom, then single bonded to S atom, which is bonded to another C atom, suffix (thioate)

Front 19

naming an ester group

Back 19

use what's attached to single bonded O atom to name

Front 20

amide

Back 20

C double bonded to O, single bonded to C and N (with free pair), suffix (amide)

Front 21

acid chloride

Back 21

an organic compound with the functional group -CO-Cl, O is double bonded to C atom, suffix (oyl chloride)

Front 22

relation between type of bonds and reactivity

Back 22

triple bond is more reactive (aka less stable) than dbl or sngl, dbl is more reactive than single

Front 23

alkane reactivity

Back 23

alkane is saturated, so not very reactive, stable

Front 24

C and Si

Back 24

form the basis of most natural substances, Si is to geologists what C is to biologists

Front 25

Why does C form the basis of so many substances

Back 25

because of C's unusual ability to bond strongly to itself and form long chains or rings of carbon atoms (also forms strong bonds to other nonmetals

Front 26

substitution reaction

Back 26

alkanes can undergo these reactions, where primarily halogen atoms replace hydrogen atoms (i.e. methane can be successively chlorinated)

Front 27

combustion reaction

Back 27

at sufficiently high temp. alkanes react vigorously and exothermically with oxygen, these reactions are the basis of their widespread use as fuels

Front 28

dehydrogenation reaction

Back 28

where hydrogen atoms are removed from alkanes and the end result is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Front 29

cyclic alkanes

Back 29

carbon atoms form rings, are more reactive than straight chain counterparts since carbon atom bonds are strained (much smaller than tetrahedral sp3 angles) and therefore unusually weak

Front 30

pi bonds

Back 30

covalent chemical bonds where two lobes of one involved electron orbital overlap two lobes of the other involved electron orbital. Only one of the orbital's nodal planes passes through both of the involved nuclei.

Front 31

cis/trans isomerism or geometric isomerism or configuration isomerism or E/Z isomerism

Back 31

form of stereoisomerism, describes orientation of functional groups within molecule that cannot twist/rotate, generally have dbl bonds (cannot rotate) or ring structures (rotation of bonds is greatly restricted)

Front 32

cis (latin)

Back 32

meaning on the same side of

Front 33

trans (latin)

Back 33

meaning across, beyond, or on opposite sides

Front 34

halogenation

Back 34

involves addition of halogen atom(s) to unsaturated hydrocarbons

Front 35

phenyl group

Back 35

phenyl group or ring has the formula C6H5

Front 36

unsaturated hydrocarbons

Back 36

not alkane (CnH2n+2), and generally undergo rapid addition reactions, except for benzene, where it undergoes substitution reactions (H is replaced by other atoms)

Front 37

thermoset polymer

Back 37

cannot be softened again or dissolved once molded under high pressure and temperature (i.e. Bakelite)

Front 38

thermoplastic polymer

Back 38

can be remelted after being molded at high pressure and temperature (i.e. cellulose nitrate)

Front 39

free radical

Back 39

a species with an unpaired electron (thought to be cause of cell damage and aging), closely associated with oxidative damage, antioxidants (reducing agents) limit its damaging effects

Front 40

Wallace H. Carothers

Back 40

organic chemist responsible for development of nylon and 1st synthetic rubber (Neoprene)