Biology Exam 2

Front 1

Cell Energy, used like currency in the cell

Back 1

ATP

(Adenosine triphosphate)

Front 2

Reaction that releases energy

Back 2

Exergonic

Front 3

Reaction that required energy input

Back 3

Endergonic

Front 4

What is "Redox Reaction"?

Back 4

Reduction and Oxidation

Transfer of Electrons between molecules

Front 5

Stage 1 of Aerobic cellular respiration

Back 5

Glycolysis

Front 6

How much energy (ATP and NADH) is gained in Glycolysis?

Back 6

4 ATP (2 net)

2 NADH

Front 7

What happens in the Preparatory Cycle of Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

Back 7

Processing of the 2 Pyruvate molecules into Acetyl Coenzyme A

Front 8

Stage 2 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Back 8

Citric Acid Cycle: "Krebs Cycle"

Front 9

How much energy (ATP, NADH, and FADH2) is gained during the Citric Acid Cycle?

Back 9

2 ATP

6 NADH

2 FADH2

4 CO2 as waste

Front 10

Stage 3 of Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Back 10

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Front 11

Total Energy gain (ATP) from Aerobic Cellular Respiration

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes?

Why are they different?

Back 11

Eukaryotes: 36

Prokaryotes: 38

Eukaryotes get less because some is spent during the process to move molecules inside the mitochondria

Front 12

The name for living cells who can only do aerobic respiration

Back 12

Obligate Aerotes

Front 13

The name for cells who need to use anaerobic respiration

Back 13

Obligate anaerobes

Front 14

Cells that can choose between aerobic or anaerobic

Back 14

Facultative aerobe

Front 15

Two types of anaerobic respiration

Back 15

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Alcohol Fermentation

Front 16

What is the plasma membrane made of?

Back 16

A phospholipid bilayer

Front 17

What is the difference between a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

Back 17

Eukaryotes have a nucleus and organelles

Front 18

What features appear in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Back 18

Ribosomes

DNA

Plasma Walls

Front 19

Protein embedded in the plasma membrane that allows the passage of water molecules

Back 19

Aquaporins

Front 20

The name of a feature that allows some substances to cross a membrane more easily than others.

Back 20

Selective Permeability

Front 21

The 6 different functions of proteins in a plasma membrane

Back 21

Attachment to the cytoskeleton

Signal Reception and Relay

Cell-Cell Recognition

Enzymatic activity

Intercellular joining

Transport

Front 22

Type of transport that requires no energy investment

Back 22

Passive Transport

(Diffusion)

Front 23

What is Osmosis?

Back 23

Diffusion of water across a membrane

Front 24

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

Back 24

Tonicity

Front 25

When the tonicity is equal inside and outside the cell

Back 25

Isotonic

Front 26

Low Solute concentration

Back 26

Hypotonic

Front 27

High solute concentration

Back 27

Hypertonic

Front 28

How do animal cells react in a hypotonic solution?

Back 28

Take in too much water and lyse

Front 29

How do animal cells react in a hypertonic environment?

Back 29

Lose water and shrivel

Front 30

What kind of environment do plant cells thrive in? Hypotonic, Hypertonic, or isotonic?

Back 30

Hypotonic (Mostly water)

Front 31

What kind of environment do animal cells thrive in? Hypotonic, Hypertonic, or Isotonic?

Back 31

Isotonic

Front 32

Type of protein that facilitates diffusion across membranes.

Back 32

Transport Proteins

Front 33

Type of transport that uses energy

Back 33

Active Transport

Front 34

Process of exporting bulky materials outside of the cell

Back 34

Exocytosis

Front 35

Process of bringing large molecules into the cell

Back 35

Endocytosis

Front 36

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 36

Energy is constant. Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

Front 37

Second Law of thermodynamics

Back 37

Energy conversions increase the entropy (disorder) of the universe

Front 38

The process by which plant cells make sugar

Back 38

Photosynthesis

Front 39

What two organelles are considered Endosymbionts? (They are semi-autonomous)

Back 39

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Front 40

A cell that is both polar and non-polar

Back 40

Amphipathic

Front 41

What are the parts of an enzyme?

Back 41

Apoenzyme and Coenzyme make a Holoenzyme

Front 42

Type of enzyme inhibitor that interferes with the active site of the enzyme

Back 42

Competitive

Front 43

Type of enzyme inhibitor that interacts with the allosteric (non-active) site

Back 43

Non-competitive

Front 44

What are Producers (Autotrophs)?

Back 44

Organisms that create their own energy through photosynthesis.

Front 45

What are Consumers (Heterotrophs)?

Back 45

Organisms that need to consume their nutrition

Front 46

Example of producers?

Back 46

Plants, algae, some bacteria

Front 47

Example of consumers?

Back 47

Humans and animals

Front 48

Where does photosynthesis happen?

Back 48

In the Chloroplasts

Front 49

The process of attaching a phosphorous using light energy

Back 49

Photophosphorylation

Front 50

Organelle that houses the DNA in a membrane

Back 50

Nucleus and Nucleolus

Front 51

Region that contains DNA in a prokaryotic cell

Back 51

Nucleoid region

Front 52

Jelly-like substance on the inside of cells

Back 52

Cytosol

Front 53

Mouth-like openings in plants that let in CO2 and release O2

Back 53

Stomata

Front 54

Distributes water and products of photosynthesis to all areas of the plant

Back 54

Veins

Front 55

Name of plant cells where you would find the choloplasts

Back 55

Mesophyll Cell

Front 56

Area inside a chloroplast where the Calvin Cycle takes place

Back 56

Stroma

Front 57

Area in the chloroplast where light reactions take place

Back 57

Thylakoid

Front 58

Thylakoid stack up to make...

Back 58

Grana (Granum)

Front 59

First step in photosynthesis

Back 59

Light Reactions

Front 60

Second step in photosynthesis

Back 60

Calvin Cycle

Front 61

The important enzyme in photosynthesis that is needed for carbon fixation

Back 61

Rubisco

Front 62

What is the output of the Calvin Cycle?

Back 62

1 sugar molecule

(6 turns required to create a glucose molecule)

Front 63

Concentration Gradient

Back 63

When the solvent concentration is higher on one side of a membrane than the other

Front 64

Driving force for all movement in a cell

Back 64

Brownian Motion

Front 65

Process by which cells keep water levels balanced

Back 65

Osmoregulation

Front 66

The way that endergonic processes use energy released by exergonic processes to fuel themselves.

Back 66

Energy Coupling

Front 67

Reduces the energy of activation so chemical reactions can occur more easily

Back 67

Enzymes

Front 68

Enzyme in charge of creating ATP

Back 68

ATP synthase

Front 69

Net energy yield in fermentation (anaerobic respiration)

Back 69

2 ATP 2 NADH

Front 70

What is the purpose of Ribulose 1,5 Bisphosphate in the Calvin Cycle of Photosynthesis?

Back 70

To be a CO2 Acceptor

Front 71

What do plants use glucose for? (Glucose is a product of photosynthesis)

Back 71

As energy for non-photosynthetic parts of the plant (like the roots)