Biology Exam 2 Notes

Front 1

When did the first plants appear on Earth?

Back 1

475 mya

Front 2

HOw long ago were plants abundant and diverse?

Back 2

375 mya

Front 3

How many plant species are existing today or have diversified?

Back 3

300,000

Front 4

What did plants evolve from? How do you know?

Back 4

charophyceans, there was homology and molecular evidence

Front 5

Are plants unicellular or multicellular? Are plants eukaryotic or prokaryotic? Are plants hetertroph or autotroph?How do they get food?

Back 5

multicellular, eukaryotic,
autotrophs, photosynthesis

Front 6

What are the steps of signal tranduction?

Back 6

1.reception
2.signal transduction
3.response

Front 7

What are hormones?

Back 7

chemical signals that coordinate the different parts of a multicellular organism.

Front 8

Describe a hormone and how it is produced.

Back 8

synthesized in one part of the body and transported to another where they act.

Front 9

How much is needed of a hormone to be effective?

Back 9

effective in minute amounts

Front 10

What kind of responses do hormones give off? As is do they give a varied amount of responses or particular ones.

Back 10

very specific ones

Front 11

What are the six classes of plant hormones?

Back 11

1.auxins, 2.cytokinins, 3.gibberellins, 4. brassinosteroids, 5.abscisic acid, 6.ethylene

Front 12

Describe the function of the hormones auxins.

Back 12

stimulate cell elongation and root growth

Front 13

Describe the function of the hormone cytokinins and where is it produced?

Back 13

act with auxins, not alone, stimulate cell division, produced in roots

Front 14

Where does the interaction of auxins and cytokinins take place?

Back 14

in controlling apical dominance and lateral branching

Front 15

Describe the function of the hormones gibberellins.

Back 15

stimulate growth in leaves & stems, stimulate development of fruit, end seed domancy (germination starts)

Front 16

Describe the function of the hormone brassinosteroids.

Back 16

very similar to auxins, induce cell elongation & division

Front 17

Describe the function of the hormone abscisic acid.

Back 17

slows (inhibits growth), helps to keep seeds dormant, prevents water loss during drought

Front 18

Describe the function and why it is of the hormone ethylene.

Back 18

produced in response to stress,helps deciduous trees lose leaves in autumn, induces the ripening of fruits

Front 19

If you had a wild type plant with a control, ethylene and ethylene synthesis inhibition how would the plant react.

Back 19

control-grow normal, ethlene-grow sideways, etyhlene sythesis inhib.-grow normal

Front 20

If there was a plant that is ethlene insensitive how would grow with a control, ethlene & ethylene s.i.

Back 20

control-normal, ethylene-normal, ethylene synthesis inhibition-normal

Front 21

If there was a ethylene overproduced plant how would it grow with a control, ethlene, and ethlene s.i.

Back 21

control-sideways growth, ethylene-sideways growth (same), ethlene synthesis inhibtion-normal

Front 22

If there was a plant with constiguent triple response how would it grow w/a control,ethlene, ethlene s.i?

Back 22

control-sideways growth, ethylene-sideways growth (same response) ethylene s.i.-same response (sideways)

Front 23

In what direction is water moving in a plant and what transports the water?

Back 23

xylem, upwards

Front 24

What do plant cells have to absorb before they can move from place to place?

Back 24

water and nutrients

Front 25

What is water potential?

Back 25

the effects of osmosis and physical pressure combined.

Front 26

Why is physical pressure unique to plants?

Back 26

because of their cell wall

Front 27

What helps to (decrease or increase) the rate of osmosis in plants and how?

Back 27

aquaporins, increase, through osmosis

Front 28

How does water and minerals get absorbed throught the roots?

Back 28

by either moving along the cell walls of adjacent cells, or form cell to cell through plasma membranes

Front 29

What is the casparian strip?

Back 29

allows plants to look up routes to bring in water and minerals going through selective permeable strip.

Front 30

What are the steps of absorption of water and minerals in the plants?

Back 30

1.absorbing water and minerals through roots,2. casparian strip, 3. xylem-water transport upward

Front 31

What is the second step in water and mineral absorption?

Back 31

casparian strip ensures that water and minerals have to go thru a selectively permeable membrane at some pt

Front 32

What is the third step in water and mineral absorption?

Back 32

the xylem vessels transport the water and minerals upward into the shoot system

Front 33

What is diffusion?

Back 33

molecules moving from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 34

What are stomata?

Back 34

plant "pores" that help control water loss-usually open during day,loses water during day but also gains CO2

Front 35

Are plants water dwelling or terrestrial? Do plants move about or are they sessile?

Back 35

they are terrestrial-land dwelling, sessile-stay put

Front 36

What is the life cycle of land plants? How does it work?

Back 36

alternation of generations, the multicellular gametophyte are haploid cells that form diploid zygotes sporophyte produce spores from diploid cells then produce gametophytes

Front 37

How do plants grow?

Back 37

sugars produced through photosynthesis, fuel for growth, stored as starch

Front 38

What are the cell walls of plants made of?

Back 38

cellulose

Front 39

What does the alternation of generations occur in and what does it not occur in?

Back 39

in land plants, it does not occur in charophyceans not land plant ancestors

Front 40

What is the apical meristem?

Back 40

localized regions of cell division at the tips of the shoot and roots

Front 41

What are gametophytes?

Back 41

roots, haploid, single set of chromosomes that form diploid zygotes

Front 42

What are sporophytes?

Back 42

multicellular spore-producing generation, diploid

Front 43

Where does meiosis occur and what happens?

Back 43

occurs in a mature sporophyte, produces haploid spores

Front 44

What are spores?

Back 44

reproductive cells that can develop into a new organism without fusing with another cell

Front 45

What does mitosis produce?

Back 45

a multicellular gametophyte

Front 46

What is the difference between plant life cycles and human life cycles?

Back 46

human life cycles have single celled haploids
plant life cycles are the alternation of generations, that have multicellular haploids and diploids

Front 47

What is a cuticle?

Back 47

a waxy covering on surface of plant stems and leaves: prevents dessication

Front 48

What are stomata?

Back 48

microscopic ore surrrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of stems and leaves that allows gas exchange

Front 49

What is gametangia?
What is the male and female version names and describe.

Back 49

protective jacket of sterile cells that prevent gametes from dying out
female-acchegonium-1 egg
male-antheridium-lots of sperm

Front 50

What is gametangia? what does it help to do?

Back 50

production of gametes within multicellular organs, distinguishes early land plants from algal ancestry

Front 51

What are terrestrial plants also know as and what are they?

Back 51

embryophytes, multicellular embryos are dependent on adult plant

Front 52

What is the name for avascular plants? what kind are there?

Back 52

bryophytes,(mosses, liverworts, hornworts)

Front 53

What are the phylums for nonvascular plants and what type of plants are they?

Back 53

Phylum hepatophyta-liverworts
Phylum Bryophyta-mosses
Phylum Antocerophyta-hornworts

Front 54

What are the earliest types of plants, what made them unique?

Back 54

byrophytes (nonvascular plants), unique because of gametophytes dominate in life cycle

Front 55

What is the difference between vascular plants and avascular plants?

Back 55

vascular plants can be bigger, have discrete organs, sexual mechanism, and they have independent branched sporophyte

Front 56

What are the phylums for seedless vascular plants? and what kind of plants are they?

Back 56

Phylum Pterophyta-ferns and relatives
Phylum Lycophyta-(club mosses)

Front 57

What is the significance of the life cycle in vascular plants?

Back 57

in vascular plants sporophytes dominate

Front 58

What are two types of vascular plants with seeds? and what makes them different to seedless vascular plants?

Back 58

Gymnosperms & angiosperms
-better offspring survival
-seed dormancy
-greater dispersal of offspring

Front 59

What are seeds?

Back 59

embryo package with food (nutrients) supply in a protective coat

Front 60

What is pollen?

Back 60

immature male gametophyte; protects sperm from dying out, allowing for longer distance transport on land

Front 61

What are the gymnosperm phylums?

Back 61

Phylum Ginkgophyta
Phylum Cycadophyta, Phylum Gnetophyta, Phylum Coniferophyta

Front 62

What are angiosperms? where do their seeds develop?

Back 62

80% fall plants: flowering plants and fruits, seeds develop inside chambers

Front 63

Describe a gymnosperm.

Back 63

it has a heavy waxy cuticle,retains leaves all year, "naked seeds", evolution of pollen & seeds

Front 64

What are gymnosperms?

Back 64

seed bearing vascular plants, cooler drier demates

Front 65

How did an evolution of seeds and pollen occur? What type of seeds did gymnosperms disperse?

Back 65

halced seeds, they evolved b/c of sperm dispersed by wind, gametophytes & embryo protected by sporphyte generation

Front 66

What are the characteristics or functions of the root system of a plant?

Back 66

used to anchor plant, H20 & mineral absorption, stores food (form of starch)

Front 67

What are the characteristics or functions of a shoot system of a plant?

Back 67

used for support, photosynthesis, storage of starches, and reproduction

Front 68

What is the difference between at simple and compound leaf?

Back 68

simple-petiole & axillary bud have only 1 leaflet/blade
compound-many leaflets on 1 axillary bud, many petioles

Front 69

What are the parts of dermal tissue in a plant? and what makes them up?

Back 69

epidermis-parenchyma & guard cells
periderm-cork, and cork cambium cells

Front 70

What makes up ground tissue?

Back 70

parenchyma tissue and cells,collenchyma tissue and cells, sclerenchyma tissue and cells

Front 71

Describe parenchyma tissue and cells.

Back 71

can divide and differentiate only primary wall

Front 72

Describe collenchyma tissue and cells.

Back 72

only primary thick wall, support young plants, can elongate

Front 73

Describe sclerenchyma tissue and cells.

Back 73

thick secondary walls, support in non-growing sections, rigid, usually dead

Front 74

What makes up vascular tissue?

Back 74

xylem, phloem

Front 75

Describe what makes up xylem and its function.

Back 75

tracheids, vessel elements, parenchyma, fibers
-moves H20 upwards in a plant

Front 76

Describe what makes up phloem and its function

Back 76

sieve tubes, companion cells, parenchyma, fibers
-moves nutrients and minerals in plant

Front 77

What kind of growth occurs in a plant?

Back 77

indeterminate growth-plant growth continues for as long as the plant in alive

Front 78

What are apical meristems?

Back 78

tissues consisting of dividing cells at the tip of the shoot or root

Front 79

What is the function of apical meristems?

Back 79

responsible for primary growth of plant (increase in length)

Front 80

What are lateral meristems? and what type of plant are they found in?

Back 80

tissues consisting of dividing cells in circular sheets throughout the length of shoots and roots, woody plants

Front 81

What is the function of lateral meristems and name specific types of plants they are found in?

Back 81

responsible for secondary growth, outward growth occurs, found in all gymnosperms, most dicots, and usually are in monocots

Front 82

What makes nutrients essential in plants?

Back 82

if it is required for a plant to complete a life cycle (micro and macro),and if it is hydrophobic culture

Front 83

What are the essential elements for micronutrients, what amount of these elements does the plant need? How many are there?

Back 83

8 elements, needs small amounts: Cl, Fe, Mn, B, Zn, Ni, Mo (missing one)

Front 84

What are the elements that are macronutrients and what amount does the plant need, how many are there?

Back 84

large amounts, 9 elements: C, O, H, N, K, Ca, Mg, P, S

Front 85

What element has the greatest effect on plant growth?

Back 85

Nitrogen

Front 86

What are the parts of the shoot system?

Back 86

leaves and stem

Front 87

What is a simple leaf?

Back 87

a single unidivided blad and petiole