Biology 2 Exam 2

Front 1

characteristics of animals (4)

Back 1

multicellular
heterotrophs
no cell walls
extensive extracellular matrix
gap junctions connect cells

Front 2

what do animals usually have

Back 2

nerves
muscles
able to move (@ some point)
sexual reproduction

Front 3

what did animals evolve from

Back 3

colonial flagellated protist

Front 4

what does monophyletic mean

Back 4

evolving from one common ancestor

Front 5

How many animal phyla are there

Back 5

about 35

Front 6

How can you classify using anatomical developmental features (5)

Back 6

- presence or absence of tissues
- type of body symmetry
- number of embryonic cell layers
- presence or absence of true body cavity
- patterns of embryonic development .. different for many animals

Front 7

types of tissues

Back 7

parazoa: no specialized tissues or organs

etmetazoa: more than 1 type of tissue and/or organs

Front 8

types of symmetry

Back 8

radially: like plants with oral and aboral surfaces

bilaterally: with cephalization and dorsal/ ventral surface

Front 9

number of embryonic germ cell layers
and names of layers

Back 9

2 embryonic cell layers- diploblastic: radial animals... endoderm: inner layer... ectoderm: outer layer

3 germ layers- triplpblastic: mesoderm- on inside if blastula
endoderm/ ectoderm

Front 10

what is the process of gastrulation and what does it form?

Back 10

zygote.. cleavage (cell division without growth).. 8 cell stage... cleavage...blastula (hollow ball of cells with blastocoel .. gastrulation .. starts invagination and eventually form hollow tube that runs through body ... forms muscles and most other organs

Front 11

body cavity types

Back 11

acoelomates: no body cavity
pseudocoelomates: body cavity but isnt lined with mesoderm
coelomates: body cavity completely lined with mesoderm

Front 12

how do coeloms develop

Back 12

- scizocoelous: solid mass of mesoderm splits to form coelom
- enterocoelous: mesoderm buds off from gut to form coelom

Front 13

stages of embryonic development

Back 13

spiral cell cleavage creates protostomes- determinate cell cleavage- blastopore becomes mouth- goes through scizocoelous coelom development
radial cell cleavage creates deuterstomes- indeterminate cleavage- enterocoelous coelom development- blastopore becomes anus

Front 14

what are other classifications of embyronic cell development

Back 14

presence or absence of:
exoskeleton, notochord/ vertebral column, metamerism (segmentation)

Front 15

Draw cladogram!

Back 15

on paper

Front 16

Characteristics of parazoa: porifera

Back 16

Sponges, 8000 species (most marine), several cell types, no tissues, no consistent symmetry, reproduce sexually and asexually, free swimming larvae, sessile adults

Front 17

types of radiata

Back 17

Cnidaria: radial symmetry, 9000 species most marine, diploblastic, gastrovascular cavity for extracellular digestion, muscles(not mesodermal) and nerves (no brain)

Ctenophora: ~100 marine species, 8 rows of surface cilia for swimming, 2 long tentacles, 1st complete gut, separate mouth and anus, diploblastic

Front 18

characteristics of most animals

Back 18

- triploblastic, usually complete gut, often have brain, 2 major groups: protostomia and deuterstomia, protosomes contain lophotrochozoans and ecdysozoans

Front 19

what do lophotrochozoas usually have and what are the 3 main groups

Back 19

lophophore (tentacles or crown)
or type of larvae called trochophore
platyhelminthes, mollusca, annelida

Front 20

characteristics of platyhelminthes

Back 20

~20,000 species, respire by diffusion, excretory system but no circulatory system, bilaterally symmetrical with head, acoelomate, light sensitive eyespot, nerve net with cerebral ganglia