Biology Exam 2

Front 1

Direction of DNA Synthesis

Back 1

DNA polymerase has 5′–3′ activity

Front 2

What is meant by “antiparallel”

Back 2

two molecules that are side by side but run in opposite directions.

Front 3

Base pairing rules and how to use them to calculate DNA composition

Back 3

A only bonds with T and C only bonds with G in a DNA strand.

Front 4

Limitations of DNA polymerase

Back 4

DNA polymerase is limited by the fact that it cannot add nucleotides in a 3' to 5' direction and that it cannot initiate synthesis on its own.

Front 5

Leading strand

Back 5

it is replicated continuously in the 3' to 5' direction.

Front 6

Transcription

Back 6

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template

Front 7

DNA

Back 7

DNA contains the instructions needed for an organism to develop, survive and reproduce.

Front 8

Base pairing rules for DNA and RNA

Back 8

adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U); guanine (G) pairs with cytosine (C).

Front 9

Direction of RNA synthesis

Back 9

RNA molecule with elongation occurring in the 5' to 3' direction.

Front 10

Silent Mutation

Back 10

a change in the sequence of nucleotide bases which constitutes DNA

Front 11

Insertions/Deletions and Frame Shift Mutations

Back 11

is a genetic mutation caused by indels (insertions or deletions) of a number of nucleotides in a DNA sequence that is not divisible by three.

Front 12

The composition of DNA

Back 12

Is made up of molecules called nucleotides

Front 13

Structure of Chromosomes

Back 13

is a DNA acid molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism

Front 14

Interphase

G1

Back 14

Cell grows

Front 15

Mitosis (Karyokinesis)

Back 15

is the division of nucleus.

Front 16

Characteristics of Cancers

Back 16

Cancerous cells divide excessively and can invade other tissues

Front 17

Gametes

Back 17

Cells with 1/2 of the genetic content of the parent cell (egg and sperm)

Front 18

How organisms reduce Ploidy, and how The initial Ploidy is regained.

Back 18

Meiosis I reduces the ploidy level from 2n to n

Front 19

Homologous Chromosomes....what they are

Back 19

Two or more chromosomes that contain the same genes in the same order

Front 20

Prophase

Back 20

chromosomes condense into compact,rodlike structures

Front 21

Meiosis

Back 21

produces 4 daughter cells, each of which are unidentical to the parent cell and to one another.

Front 22

Lagging strand

Back 22

one of two strands of DNA found at the replication fork, or junction, in the double helix

Front 23

Translation

Back 23

is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template

Front 24

Anaphase

Back 24

The spindle separates sister chromatids and pulls them toward opposite spindle poles

Front 25

Telophase

Back 25

2 daughter nuclei form and nuclear envelope reappears

Front 26

Mitosis

Back 26

produces 2 daughter cells which are genetically identical to the parent cell.

Front 27

Translation

Back 27

Translation is the synthesis of a protein from an mRNA template where the code in the mRNA is converted into an amino acid sequence in a protein

Front 28

Pre-mRNA

Back 28

The first (primary) transcript from a protein coding gene is often called a pre-mRNA and contains both introns and exons.

Front 29

mRNA

Back 29

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome

Front 30

tRNA

Back 30

is a type of RNA molecule that helps decode a messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence into a protein

Front 31

Missense Mutation

Back 31

is a mistake in the DNA which results in the wrong amino acid being incorporated into a protein because of change

Front 32

Nonsense Mutation

Back 32

is a genetic mutation in a DNA sequence that results in a shorter, unfinished protein product

Front 33

Interphase

S

Back 33

DNA replicates

Front 34

Interphase

G2

Back 34

Cell grows and prepares for mitosis

Front 35

Cytokinesis

Back 35

is the division of the cytoplasm.