Biology Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Front 1

Peptidoglycan

Back 1

the substance that makes up the cell walls of bacteria; composed of protein (peptido) and sugar (glycan)

Front 2

Chitin

Back 2

the substance that makes up the cell walls of fungi; chitin a polysaccharide similar to cellulose

Front 3

Diffusion

Back 3

the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (does not require energy)

Front 4

Simple diffusion

Back 4

the movement of hydrophobic, small, nonpolar molecules across the cell membrane

Front 5

Facilitated diffusion

Back 5

the movement of large, polar, hydrophilic molecules across the cell membrane using a transport protein

Front 6

Active transport

Back 6

the movement of a molecule against its concentration gradient using a membrane protein, requires energy (not diffusion)

Front 7

Bulk transport

Back 7

the movement of very large items across the cell membrane

Front 8

Endocytosis

Back 8

the process by which a cell takes in a large particle by surrounding it and engulfing it in a vesicle

Front 9

Exocytosis

Back 9

the process by which a cell releases a large particle by the fusion of a vesicle holding the large molecule with the cell membrane

Front 10

Osmosis

Back 10

the movement of water across a membrane by diffusion

Front 11

Sodium-potassium pump

Back 11

a transport protein that pumps sodium into a cell and potassium out using energy from ATP (active transport)

Front 12

Carrier protein

Back 12

a protein that alters between two configurations to transport particles in or out of a cell (diffusion)

Front 13

Channel protein

Back 13

a protein that has a channel through which a solute can pass (diffusion)

Front 14

Tonicity

Back 14

the ability of a solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water

Front 15

Hypertonic

Back 15

higher concentration of solute outside of the cell compared to inside the cell

Front 16

Hypotonic

Back 16

lower concentration of solute outside of the cell compared to inside the cell

Front 17

Isotonic

Back 17

the same concentration of solute outside of the cell as inside the cell

Front 18

Aquaporin

Back 18

a channel protein that facilitates the diffusion of water across a membrane

Front 19

Ion channel

Back 19

usually a gated channel that requires a stimulus to open or close

Front 20

Concentrated solution

Back 20

hypertonic solution

Front 21

Dilute solution

Back 21

hypotonic solution