Chapter 8 Biology Vocabulary

Front 1

Active Transport

Back 1

Energy-expending process by which cells transport materials across the cell membrane against a concentration gradient.

Front 2

Anaphase

Back 2

Phase of mitosis where the centromers split and the chromatid pairs of each chromosome are pulled apart by microtubules.

Front 3

Cancer

Back 3

Uncontrolled cell division that may be caused by environmental factors and/or changes in enzyme production in the cell cycle.

Front 4

Cell Cycle

Back 4

Continuous sequences of growth (interphase) and division (mitosis).

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Centriole

Back 5

In animal cells, a pair of small cylindrical structures compossed of microtubules that duplicate during interphase and move to opposite ends of the cell during prophase.

Front 6

Centromere

Back 6

Cell structure that joins two sister chromatids of a chromosome.

Front 7

Chromatin

Back 7

Long, tangled strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus during interphase.

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Chromosome

Back 8

Cell structures that carry the genetic material that is copied and passed from generation to generation of cells.

Front 9

Cytokinesis

Back 9

Cell process following meiosis or mitosis, in which the cells cytoplasm divides and separates into new cells.

Front 10

Endocytosis

Back 10

Active transport process where a cell engulfs materials with a portion of the cells plasma membrane and releases the contents inside of the cells.

Front 11

Exocytosis

Back 11

Active transport process by which materials are secreted or expelled from a cell.

Front 12

Facilitated Diffusion

Back 12

Passive transport of materials across a plasma membrane by transport proteins embedded in the plasma membrane.

Front 13

Gene

Back 13

Segment of DNA that controls the protein production and the cell cycle.

Front 14

Hypotonic Solution

Back 14

In cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substances is lower in the solution outside the cell than the concentration outside the cell than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to swell and possibly burst as water enters the cell.

Front 15

Hypertonic Solution

Back 15

In cells, solutions in which the concentration of dissolved substances outside the cell is higher than the concentration inside the cell; causes a cell to shrink as water leaves the cell.

Front 16

Interphase

Back 16

Cell growth phase where a cell increases in size, carries on metabolism, and duplicates chromosomes prior to division.

Front 17

Isotonic Solution

Back 17

in cells, solution in which the concentration of dissolved substance in the solution is the same as the concentration of dissolved substances inside a cell.

Front 18

Metaphase

Back 18

Short second phase of mitosis where doubled chromosomes move to the equater of the spindle and chromatids are attached by centromeres to a separated spindle fiber.

Front 19

Mitosis

Back 19

Period of nuclear cell division in which two daughter cells are formed, each containing a complete set of chromosomes.

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Organ

Back 20

Group of two or more tissues organized to perform complex activities within an organism.

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Organ System

Back 21

Multiple organs that work that work together to perform a specific life function.

Front 22

Osmosis

Back 22

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane depending on the concentration of solutes on either side of the membrane.

Front 23

Passive Transport

Back 23

Movement of particles across cell membranes by diffusion or osmosis; the cell uses no energy to move particles across the membrane

Front 24

Prophase

Back 24

First, and longest phase of mitosis, where chromatin coils into visible chromosomes.

Front 25

Sister Chromatid

Back 25

Identical halves of a duplicate parent chromosome formed during the prophase stage of mitosis; the halves are held together by a centromere.

Front 26

Spindle

Back 26

Cell structures composed of microtubule fibers; form between the centrioles during prophase and shorten during anaphase, pulling apart sister chromatids

Front 27

Telophase

Back 27

Final phase of mitosis during which new cells prepare for there own independent existence

Front 28

Tissue

Back 28

Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function.