Chapter 9 Biology Vocabulary

Front 1

Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)

Back 1

Molecule formed from breaking off of a phosphate group for ATP; results in a large release of energy that is used for biological reactions.

Front 2

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Back 2

Energy-storing molecule in cells compossed of an adenosine molecule, a ribose sugar and three phosphate groups; energy is stored in the molecules chemical bonds and can be used quickly and easily by cells.

Front 3

Alcoholic Fermentation

Back 3

Anaerobic process where cells convert pyruvic acid into carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol; carried out by many bacteria and fungi such as yeasts.

Front 4

Calvin Cycle

Back 4

Series of reactions during the light-independent phase of photosynthesis in which simple sugars are formed from carbon dioxide using ATP and hydrogen from the light-dependent reactions

Front 5

Cellular Respiration

Back 5

down food molecule to produce ATP; the three stages of cellular respiration are glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain.

Front 6

Chlorophyll

Back 6

light-absorbing pigment in plants and some protist that is required for photosynthesis; absorbs most wavelengths of light except for green.

Front 7

Citric and Cycle

Back 7

In cellular respiration, series of chemical reactions that break down glucose and produce ATP; energizes electron carriers that pass the energized electrons onto the electron transport chain.

Front 8

Electron Transport Chain

Back 8

A series of proteins embedded in a membrane along which energized electrons are transported; as electrons are passed from molecule to molecule, energy is released.

Front 9

Glycolysis

Back 9

Is cellular respiration, series of anaerobic chemical reactions in the cytoplasm that break down glucose into pyruvic acid; forms a net profit of two ATP molecules.

Front 10

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Back 10

Series of anaerobic chemical reactions in which pyruvic acid uses MADH to form lactic acid and NAD+, which is then used in glycolysis; supplies energy when oxygen for aerobic respiration is scarce.

Front 11

Light-Dependent Reactions

Back 11

Phase of photosynthesis where light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of ATP; results in the splitting of water and the release of oxygen.

Front 12

Light-Independent Reactions

Back 12

Phase of photosynthesis where energy from the light-dependent reactions is used to produce glucose and additional ATP molecules.

Front 13

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP+)

Back 13

Electron carrier molecule; when carrying excited electrons it becomes NADPH.

Front 14

Photolysis

Back 14

Reaction taking place in the thylakoid membranes of a chloroplast during light-dependent reactions where two molecules of water are split to form oxygen, hydrogen ions, and electrons.

Front 15

Photosynthesis

Back 15

Process by which autotrophs, such as algae and plants, trap energy from sunlight with chlorophyll and use this energy to convert carbo dioxide and water into simple sugars.

Front 16

Pigments

Back 16

Molecules that absorb certain wavelengths of sunlight.