Biology 211

Front 1

Two conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur:

Back 1

1. indivs vary in characteristics that are heretible
2. certain versions of these traits help indivs reproduce more

Front 2

7 Taxonomic levels:

Back 2

Kingdom
Phylum
Couldn't
Order
Five
Good
Sandwiches

Front 3

Which of the three are more closely related?
BActeria, Archaea, Eukarya

Back 3

Arch and Euk

Front 4

Glycine is the aa with

Back 4

the smallest R group

Front 5

Cysteines are aas that can form

Back 5

disulfide bonds.

Front 6

What is the difference between the nucleus in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

Back 6

Prok lack a membrane-bound nucleus.
Euk have such a nucleus

Front 7

What are five differences btwn prok and euk?

Back 7

NLIDD

Euk chromosomes found in a membrane-boud nucleus.
Euk larger
Euk have extensive amts of internal membrane
Euk have a diverse and dynamic cytockeleton

Front 8

A and T are held together by __ H bonds.

Back 8

2

Front 9

C and G are held together by __ H bonds.

Back 9

3

Front 10

Which is branched...amylopectin or amylose?

Back 10

Amylopectin. (alpha 1-6 glycosidic linkages)

Front 11

Pathogenetic (disease causing) prions differ from normal prions in their...?

Back 11

Protein conformations

Front 12

Is peptide bod formation spontaneous? What type of rxn?

Back 12

Non-spontaneous bc decreases disorder.
Condensation reaction.

Front 13

How does the Na-K pump work to transport Na and K against their concentration gradients?

Back 13

ATP hydrolysis provides the energy to transport ions against their concentration gradients.

Front 14

All cells contain what three structures?

Back 14

Chromosomes, ribosomes, cell membrane.

Front 15

A large protein has no localization signal of any kind...where is is likely residing?

Back 15

The cytosol.

Front 16

What do myosin, dynein, and kinesin all have in common?

Back 16

All hydrolyze ATP to provide energy for movement. (all are motor proteins)

Front 17

Dynein sidearms are REQUIRED for what?

Back 17

movement.

Front 18

After being bound by a hormone, what translocates into the nucleus, binds DNA, and causes changes in gene expression?

Back 18

Steroid hormone receptors

Front 19

In glycolysis, the C atoms get converted to___?

Back 19

Pyruvate

Front 20

What are the four components of glucose processing?

Back 20

1 Glycolysis
2 Pyruvate processing (acetlyCoA formation)
3 Krebs cycle
4 e- transport coupled w oxidative phosphorylation

Front 21

Redox rxns drive the formation of ___.

Back 21

ATP

Front 22

Where does glycolysis occur?

Back 22

Cytosol

Front 23

Where does acetylCoA formation occur?

Back 23

mitoch. matrix

Front 24

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

Back 24

mitoch. matrix

Front 25

Where does oxid phosphorylation occur?

Back 25

inner mitochondrial membrane

Front 26

How much energy does the complete osidation of 1 mole of glucose release?

Back 26

686 kcal

Front 27

Does glycolysis require oxygen?

Back 27

No.

Front 28

In cell resp, what acts as an electron accepter and electron donor in glycolysis?

Back 28

NAD+ is acceptor
NADH is donor (carrier)

Front 29

In Krebs cycle, each acetylCoA is ox/red? into __ molecules of ___.

Back 29

Oxidized into two molecs of CO2

Front 30

What about the ETC enables ATP to be produced>

Back 30

It establishes a proton gradient. (energy released pumps protons across the plasma membrane)

Front 31

What is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC?

Back 31

O2!

Front 32

Net input and output of Glycolysis?

Back 32

In: glucose, NAD+, ADP
Out: ATP, pyruvate, NADH

Front 33

Net input and output of pyruvate processing?

Back 33

In: Pyruvate, coenzyme A, NAD+
Out: CO2,acetylCoA, NADH

Front 34

How many ATP molecules are produced by cell resp?

Back 34

30. 26 from oxidative phosphorylation. 2 from glyc. 2 from krebs cycle.

Front 35

What are the two stages of photosynthesis?

Back 35

Light dependent rxns (produce O2 form H2O)
Calvin cycle (produce sugar from CO2)

Front 36

Which have more energy--short or long wavelenths/ what color?

Back 36

Shorter have more energy! (Blue, UV)

Front 37

2 Major elements of a photosystem:

Back 37

Antenna complex and reaction center.

Front 38

The enhancement effect=

Back 38

In photosynthesis, the two photosystems work together so that photosynthesis can double when cells are exposed to both red and far-red light.

Front 39

How does photosystem II work?

Back 39

It produces a proton gradient that triggers chemiosmosis and ATP synthesis in the chloroplast and therefore synthesizes ATP.

Front 40

Pheophytin=

Back 40

an electron acceptor

Front 41

Plastoquinone (PQ)=

Back 41

carries protons to the inside of thylakoids

Front 42

Photophosphorylation=

Back 42

The capture of light energy by photosystem II to produce ATP.

Front 43

How does photosystem II obtain electrons?

Back 43

By oxidizing water! The only known protein complex to do this. "Splits" water to replace its lost electrons, producing O2.

Front 44

Ferredoxin=

Back 44

The iron and sulfur containing proteins of the ETC of photosystem I.

Front 45

What is the final e- acceptor of the light dependent reactions?

Back 45

NADPH

Front 46

Z scheme

Back 46

Photons --> P680 up to Pheophytin down through ETC (of PQ and cytochrome complex) to PC to P700. Photons in and up. Down ETC of ferrodoxin. 2 NADPH produced.

Front 47

3 phases of calvin cycle:

Back 47

fixation
reduction
regeneration

Front 48

where does the calvin cycle occur?

Back 48

stroma of chloroplasts

Front 49

Plasmids with what gene made bacterial cells blue in our lab ewperiments?

Back 49

A gene, induced by IPTG, encoding an enzyme that can hydrolyze lactose or X-Gal.

Front 50

Are carotenes polar or nonpolar?

Back 50

Nonpolar...hydrocarbons.