Molecular Biology

Front 1

Arthur Kornberg

Back 1

found that DNA polymerase copied a template and not randomly by comparing % composition

Front 2

Roger Kornberg

Back 2

determined the structure of RNA polymerase II

Front 3

Reiji Okazaki

Back 3

lagging strand synthesis happened in short fragments by using mutated ligase that only worked at a low temp

Front 4

Alexy Olovinkov

Back 4

linear DNA can't copy the telomere on the lagging strand

Front 5

Leonard Hayflick

Back 5

cells can only divide a finite number of times and then die out

Front 6

Hayflick Limit

Back 6

the nubmer of times a cell can divide before it dies out

Front 7

Corol-Greider/ Elizabeth Blackburn

Back 7

discovered the structure and function of telomerase

Front 8

Archibald Garrod

Back 8

connected heredity to metabolism; alkaptonuria inherited through recessive gene

Front 9

George Beadle and Edward Tatum

Back 9

the damage in DNA affects the resulting amino acids because it causes problems in the metabolic pathways

Front 10

Linus Pauling and Harvey Itano

Back 10

showed sick cell was a mutant hemoglobin, proved that genes can affect non-enzyme proteins

Front 11

Jean Brachet

Back 11

recognized correlation between RNA concentration and protein synthesis

Front 12

Jean Brachet and Hubert Chantrenne

Back 12

demonstrated that protein synthesis can occur in enucleated cells

Front 13

James Watson

Back 13

RNA was an intermediate carrier of genetic information

Front 14

Raymond Jeener and D. Szafraz

Back 14

using radioactive labels, demonstrated that protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm

Front 15

Alfred Hershey

Back 15

Noticed right after T2 bacteriophage inject their DNA into bacteria, RNA is synthesized

Front 16

Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat

Back 16

performed an elegant experiment showing RNA specified proteins

Front 17

Daniel Nathans, Norton Zinder et al.

Back 17

demonstrated that RNA could direct the synthesis of a protein

Front 18

Eliot Volkin and Lazarus Astrachan

Back 18

RNA labeled after T2 infection of E. coli has a base ratio similar to that of the T2 DNA rather than the E. coli DNA

Front 19

Sol Spiegelman and Benjamin Hall

Back 19

demonstrated that Volkin's RNA didn't resemble the known RNAs and didn't become part of the ribosomes

Front 20

Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod

Back 20

when lactose is introduced to e coli cells, the gene for the enzyme beta galactose is turned on quickly and then turned off just as quickly when not present

Front 21

George Gamaw

Back 21

researched the coding problem: how does DNA specify proteins?

Front 22

Heinrich Matthaej and Marshal Nirenberg

Back 22

poly U (UUU) stimulates the transfer of phenylalanine into a protein, thus UUU codes for phenylalanine

Front 23

Severo Ochoa

Back 23

used random copolymers and figured out the possible amino acids based on their certain combinations

Front 24

Marshal Nirenberg and Philip Leder

Back 24

made about 50 codon assignments by studying which codes to transfer RNA and the ribosome so that it couldn't fit through the filter

Front 25

Har Gobind Khorana

Back 25

identified stop codons (UAG) by performing a follow up experiment and reviewing Nirenberg's experiments

Front 26

Philip Sharp and Richard Roberts

Back 26

intervening sequences

Front 27

Sydney Brenner

Back 27

compiled a data base of amino acid sequences and realized that no sequences could be overlapping