Molecular Biology

Front 1

Ribose

Back 1

five carbon sugar
3' and 5' carbons most important, used as the sugar in RNA

Front 2

Deoxyribose

Back 2

Ribose's little brother...missing an OH group at 2' end, used as the sugar in DNA

Front 3

Bases

Back 3

Pyrimidines and Purines (these attach to 1' end of ribose)

Front 4

Pyrimidine

Back 4

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine
One ring structure

Memory aid: CUT the PY, also PIES are 1 circle

Front 5

Purines

Back 5

Adenine and guanine
two ringed bases

Memory aid: AG foods are PURe, two (rings) makes a PURfect couple

Front 6

Nucleosid

Back 6

Ribose/deoxyribose + base

Front 7

Nucleotide

Back 7

base + Ribose + phosphoralation

Ribose is the center player. 5' end gets phospohralated, 1' end gets bases

ATP is an example

Front 8

Deoxynucleotide

Back 8

base + Dexoyribose + phosphoralation

DNA is a deoxynucleotide

Front 9

Phosphodiester bonds

Back 9

the way nucleotides are POLYMERIZED to make nucleic acids, the bond is between 5' and 3' end of a nucleotide

Front 10

Name the 4 differences between DNA and RNA

Back 10

1. DNA does not have a 2' hydroxly group

2. DNA has thymidine, RNA uses uridine

3. DNA is much larger than RNA

4. DNA forms doublue stranded helicies, RNA has single strand

Front 11

Base pair

Back 11

two nucleotides held together by a hydrogen bond (in DNA)

Front 12

What is the complimentary matching of base pairs?

Back 12

A to T

C to G

Front 13

Antiparallel

Back 13

two strands of DNA doblue helix are opposite (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')

Front 14

Denaturing, deanneling, or melting DNA

Back 14

the dobule helix seperating into 2 strands due to heat

Front 15

Annealing or reannealing

Back 15

single strands of coming back together to form double helix (cool slowly)

Front 16

hybridization

Back 16

two different sources of DNA annealing together

Memory aid: Cat - Dog (cartoon)

Front 17

antisense RNA

Back 17

RNA squence that is complimentary to a DNA or another RNA strand

Front 18

strand specificity

Back 18

strands need to match and line up their base pairs

Front 19

What kind of charge does DNA and RNA have?

Back 19

Negative because of phosphodiester bonds

Front 20

How many base pairs per turn are in a dobule helix?

Back 20

10 bp

Front 21

Major and minor groove importance

Back 21

Dobule helix has wide spots and narrow spots...wide spots are the major grove, usually regulator proteins bind here

Front 22

What conformations is the dobule helix held in?

Back 22

B DNA

Front 23

What are the other confirmation of DNA?

Back 23

A- tightly wound (a type personality)

Z- left handed double helix (backwayds like a lefty or a zebra)

Triple helix

Front 24

Supercoiling

Back 24

when DNA coils up

Front 25

Chromatin

Back 25

DNA + protein

Front 26

Heterochromatin

Back 26

more condesned chromatin in interphase, these areas contain fewer genes

Front 27

euchromatin

Back 27

less dense chromatin and transcriptionally active

Front 28

histones

Back 28

most abundant of protein in chromatin

octameric complex protein made of six different kinds of histone proteins (H2A, H2B, etc)

Front 29

What kind of charge do histones have?

Back 29

Postitive, allows it to bind around negative DNA

Front 30

Are histones found in prokaryotes?

Back 30

NO! Only eukaryotes!

Front 31

Nucleosomes

Back 31

histones octamers + DNA

Front 32

Solenoids

Back 32

Nucleosomes coiling around each other froming hollow tubes

Front 33

Solenoid tangling

Back 33

chromosomal condensationg during prophase

Front 34

scaffold proteins

Back 34

second most abundant kind of chromatin protein, creates loops in solenoids, probably involved in supercoiling or to keep solenoids together

Front 35

What is a chromosome band?

Back 35

dark staining region of chromosome, thought to be tightly packed DNA, G bands

Front 36

Centromere

Back 36

the center of the two arms in a chromosome

Front 37

Metacentric

Back 37

centromere in the center of the arms

Front 38

Submetacentric

Back 38

a little off center between arms

Front 39

acrocentric

Back 39

centromere towards the end of one arm

Front 40

telocentric

Back 40

centromere at the end of an arm (not in humans)

Front 41

Arms of chromsome

Back 41

P = petite arm
Q = long arm (QUEEN size)

Front 42

telomere

Back 42

the ends of a chromosome
have a lot of GT repetitive sequences

Front 43

Karyotype

Back 43

Organizing the chromosomes into number, size, and banding patterns

Front 44

Genome

Back 44

all the DNA of an cellular unit

Front 45

highly repetitive sequences

Back 45

millions of copies per genome (3% of genome)

arranged in tandem arrays

do not encode for genes, structual (mitotic spindle, telomeric sequences)

used for DNA fingerprinting

Front 46

intermidate sequences

Back 46

hundred - thousand per genome (45% of genome)

most are degenerate transposons

Front 47

rare sequences

Back 47

one copy per genome (50% of genome)

Front 48

transposons

Back 48

jumping genes...sequences that can move around the genome

Front 49

retrovirus

Back 49

parasitic DNA molecules capable of moving from one cell to another with using RNA intermidate

Front 50

retrotransposons

Back 50

transposons that move through RNA intermediates

Front 51

Alu sequences

Back 51

transposons that can cause problems if transposed...most intermidated transposable elements do not cause problems

Front 52

DING!
functional intermeidate class genes

Back 52

includes houskeeping genes (basic cellular processes)

ex. rRNAs, histones, 5S-rRnA, tRNAs

Front 53

gene families

Back 53

groups of genes that have similar sequences

Front 54

homology

Back 54

estimation of how closely related genes are based on sequence similarity

Front 55

conserved domains

Back 55

regions with similar sequences that have been kept

Front 56

Name two examples of clustered gene families

Back 56

Globins and Histones

Front 57

Where/when does DNA replication occur in eukaryotes?

Back 57

Nucleus during S phase

Front 58

What things are required for DNA replication?

Back 58

DNA polymerase, Mg2+, template, primer, dNTPs

Front 59

What dirrection does DNA replication go in?

Back 59

5' to 3'