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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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strain
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population of genetically identical individuals
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virulence
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ability to cause disease and death
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medium
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matter suitable for growing cells
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Frederick Griffith
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conducted virulent vs avirulent bacteria experiment on mice and found that the avirulent had transformed into virulent in the presence of dead virulent cells.
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Avery et al. experiment
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extracted the protein, RNA, and DNA from virulent bacteria and placed avirulent bacteria in the presence of three samples, each lacking one of the macromolecules. Bacteria in the presence of the DNA were the only that transformed into virulent.
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Hershy-Chase Exp.
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Created one population of viruses with radioactive protein and one with radioactive DNA to see which would be injected into the host bacteria.
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allele
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a particular version of a gene
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knock out, null, or loss-of-function mutants
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alleles that have been debunked in order to observe what function it played.
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one gene, one enzyme hypothesis
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that genes contain the info to create proteins, many that func. as enzymes
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genetic screen
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way to pick out certain mutants from thousands of random mutants
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mRNA
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carries info from DNA to ribosomes
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RNA polymerase
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polymerizes ribonecleotides into RNA
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Central Dogma of molecular biology
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DNA codes for RNA, which codes for proteins.
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helicase
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catalyzes breaking of hydrogen bonds in DNA to begin its replication.
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single-strand DNA-binding proteins
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bind to separated DNA strands to stop them from reconnecting during replication
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Topoisomerase
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proteins that cut and paste the DNA strand in order to prevent kinking during replication
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primase
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catalyzes synthesis of RNA primer in DNA rep.
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DNA polymerase III
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builds leading strand or Okasaki fragments
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sliding clamp
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protein that holds DNA polymerase III in place during DNA rep.
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DNA polymerase I
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removes RNA primer and replaces it with deoxyribonucleotides.
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DNA ligase
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catalyzes the joining of Okasaki fragments
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Meselson-Stahl exp.
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found out that DNA replicated in a semi-conservative way by allowing DNA to replicate in the presence of 15N and then 14N and centrifuging out the fractional weights of the DNA.
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dNTP's
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DNA replica strands are made from these.
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Okasaki fragment
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a section of the lagging strand that is replicated at the same time
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telomere
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the end region of a linear chromosome
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what is the sequence of a telomere?
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TTAGGG
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Telomerase
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catalyzes the synthesis of DNA from its RNA template in order to lengthen the "overhang" on the lagging strand making it possible for regular replication to finish
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codon
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the 3 mRNA bases that code for an amino acid
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reading frame
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the sequence of codons
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start codon
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AUG (methionine)
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stop codons
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UAA UAG UGA
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holoenzyme
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whole enzyme
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core enzyme
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contains the active site for catalysis
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promoter
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section of DNA where transcription begins (on non-template strand)
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ribozyme
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RNA molecules with catalytic abilities
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removed mRNA segments
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introns
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expressed mRNA segments
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exons
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What is the protein that splits the DNA to allow RNA to be transcribed?
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RNA polymerase
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what is the first amino acid in the process of translation?
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f-met, N-formylmethionine
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What is the covalent bond between amino acids?
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peptide bond
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What is the name of the bond the DNA polymerase makes?
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Phosphodiester bond
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How is DNA replication proofread?
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1. DNA polymerase III senses a mistake, backtracks, exonucleases the mistake, and fixes it.
2. After replication, repair enzymes fix the mismatched pairs that DNA polymerase III missed. |
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excision repair
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-enzymes cut and remove damaged single strand DNA
-polymerase and ligase repair it |
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How many H-bonds form between C and G?
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3
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How many H-bonds form between A and T?
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2
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maturation of propability
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assumption that after there have been twenty heads in a row, it is “time” for a tail outcome.
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and
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mult.
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then
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mult
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or
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add
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either
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add
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not
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subtract from 1
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permutation formula
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n!/s!t!
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binomial eq.
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n!/s!t!(p(A)^s)(p(B)^t)
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amino group
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H2N
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carboxyl group
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COOH
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amino acid structure
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amino group, H atom, carboxyl group, side chain, central C atom
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Glycine
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G
Gly Nonpolar sidechain insoluble moderately hydrophobic |
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Alanine
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A
Ala Nonpolar sidechain insoluble moderately hydrophobic |
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Valine
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V
Val Nonpolar sidechain insoluble highly hydrophobic |
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Leucine
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L
Leu Nonpolar sidechain insoluble highly hydrophobic |
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Isoleucine
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I
Ile Nonpolar sidechain insoluble highly hydrophobic |
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Methionine
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M
Met Nonpolar sidechain insoluble Moderately hydrophobic Contains Sulfur |
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Phenylalanine
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F
Phe Nonpolar sidechain insoluble moderately hydrophobic aromatic |
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Tryptophan
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W
Trp Nonpolar sidechain insoluble Mildly hydrophobic aromatic |
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Proline
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P
Pro Nonpolar sidechain insoluble Mildly Hydrophobic |
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Serine
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S
Ser Polar sidechain soluble Mildly hydrophilic |
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Threonine
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T
Thr Polar side chain soluble Mildly hydrophilic |
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Cysteine
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C
Cys Polar side chain soluble Mildly hydrophobic contains sulfur |
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Tyrosine
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Y
Tyr Polar side chain soluble Mildly hydrophobic aromatic |
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Asparagine
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N
Asn Polar side chain soluble Mildly hydrophilic |
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Glutamine
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Q
Gln Polar side chain soluble Mildly hydrophilic |
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Aspartate
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D
Asp Electrically charged side chain highly soluble Highly hydrophilic Acidic |
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Glutamate
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E
Glu Electrically charged side chain highly soluble Mildly hydrophilic Acidic |
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Lysine
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K
Lys Electrically charged side chain highly soluble Highly hydrophilic Basic |
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Arginine
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R
Arg Electrically charged side chain highly soluble Highly hydrophilic Basic |
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Histidine
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H
His Electrically charged side chain highly soluble Mildly hydrophilic Basic |
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Cytosine
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pyrimidine
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Uracil
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pyrimidine
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Thymine
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pyrimidine
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Adenine
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purine
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Guanine
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purine
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Beadle and Tatum
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one gene, one enzyme
loss of function (knock out) mutants to see which would still produce arginine |
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Peptide bond
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condensation reaction that links the C to the N of one amino acid to another.
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Primary Protein Structure
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amino acid sequence
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Secondary Protein Structure
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alpha helixes and beta pleated sheets
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Tertiary Protein Structure
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3D shape due to R-group interactions
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Quaternary Protein Structure
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structure formed by multiple polypeptides
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aldose
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sugar with carbonyl group at end
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ketose
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sugar with cabonyl group in the middle
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Meselson-Stahl exp
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create N-15 DNA, let it replicate in N-14 and centrifuge to see how much is how heavy to find that it reps semi conservatively.
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telomere
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region at the end of linear chromosome
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what do you call tRNA when it is bonded to an amino acid?
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aminoacyl tRNA
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What do you call the proteins that form a spliceosome?
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snRPs
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release factor
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protein that enters ribosome at stop codon to terminate translation
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Stop codons
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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start codon
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AUG
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Proteins or polypeptides are the building blocks for...
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amino acids
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subunits of Polysaccharides:
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sugars
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subunits of Nucleic acids:
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nucleotide
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what kind of reaction forms macromolecules?
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condensation
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