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142 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The sum of all chemical reactions:
Metabolism.
The first law of thermodynamics:
Energy can neither be created or destroyed, but it can change form.
An example of the second law of thermodynamics:
A drop of ink in a glass of water.
During Respiration:
Carbon dioxide is released.
For non-photosynthetic organisms:
Energy is acquired from the food we eat.
Carbon cycling through the environment:
a. Is trapped during photosynthesis.

b. Is returned to the environment through decomposition and respiration.
Energy transfer is never 100% efficient because:
Most energy loss is due to heat loss.
The loss of electrons from one molecule to another is:
Oxidation.
The gain of electrons from one molecule to another is:
Reduction.
Redox reactions that build molecules are called:
Anabolic Reactions.
Redox reactions that break down molecules are known as:
Catabolic Reactions.
The “jump start” required by most reactions is called:
Activation Energy.
Enzymes can:
a. Speed up chemical reactions

b. Lowers activation energy

c. Leaves the reaction unchanged
Enzymes have:
a. Have a very specific three dimensional shape

b. Have an extremely specific for one reaction

c. Have a name that ends with –ase
Be able to identify the following parts of an enzyme-substrate complex:
Note: Know where the subtrate is, know where the active site is, and know where the enzyme is. The photo is on the exam study guide.
In a metabolic pathway, there may be several intermediates and each one:
Has its own enzyme.
An enzyme’s function depends
Upon the shape of the enzyme.
When an enzyme is no longer functional, it is called:
Denatured Enzyme.
Example of an antioxidant:
Vitamins A and E, and Beta-carotene
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms create chemical energy by:
a. Capturing light energy

b. Using CO2 and water
Plants and other photosynthetic organisms:
Are considered to be producers.
Chemical energy is released by:
a. Plants

b. Primary consumers

c. Secondary consumers
Primary consumers are:
Animals that eat plants (the producers)
Secondary consumers are:
Are animals that eat animals that ate plants.
Energy transfer molecules temporarily store and transfer energy. The most common energy transfer molecule is called:
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Energy in ATP is stored:
In the covalently bonded phosphates
When the bond is broken between the third phosphate and oxygen in ATP:
+7.3 kcal/mol of energy is generated and ATP becomes ADP
NADP+ and NAD+ pick up electrons and:
a. Become a reduced form with higher energy

b. Become NADPH and NADH
NADH is used in:
Catabolic reactions to produce ATP for use in the cell.
Respiration:
a. Takes place in the mitochondrion.

b. Glucose and oxygen are the starting materials

c. CO2 and H2O are released
Photosynthesis:
a. Takes place in the chloroplast

b. CO2 and H2O are taken up

c. Glucose is released
Between the double membranes of the chloroplast is:
The intermembrane space.
Fluid inside the chloroplast is called:
The stroma.
Inside the stroma of the chloroplast are stacks of thylakoid disks called:
Granum.
Photosynthesis consist of:
The light reactions and the "dark" reactions.
The light reactions:
Require light and happen in the Thylacoids.
The “dark” reactions:
Take place anytime and occur in the "Stroma".
During photosynthesis, the oxygen in water is:
Released as 02.
The light reactions capture light by:
a. Using chlorophyll

b. By stripping electrons from water

c. Storing energy in an electron transfer molecule
ATP and NADPH:
Are charged into their high energy state by the light reactions.
The “dark” reactions use ATP and NADPH:
To make Glucose.
Chlorophyll:
a. Absorbs red-orange

b. Absorbs blue-violet

c. Reflects green
Hundreds of chlorophyll molecules:
a. Are arranged in an antenna complex
Together, an antenna complex and an electron transport chain are called:
A "photosystem".
In "photosystem II":
a. Energy from light energizes electrons

b. Strips electrons from water to leave protons (H+) in the thylakoid space

c. Produces oxygen as a byproduct
Electron transport trains:
Extracts energy from electrons and uses it to pump more H+ into the thylakoid space.
A proton gradient forms across the thyroidal membrane:
a. To store energy

b. ATP synthase makes ATP by using this H+ gradient
The purpose of the electrons as they move through the electron transport chain:
To set up a proton gradient that will run the ATP synthase
The process of carbon fixation:
a. Starts with rubisco, the most abundant protein in the world

b. Has to capture 3 carbons to generate glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate (G3P)
Most of the glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate (G3P):
a. Is exported to the mitochondrion to produce ATP

b. Two molecules of G3P are used to make glucose, which is stored or used for structure.
The energy in organic molecules (glucose, starch) is put into this usable form:
ATP.
The steps in aerobic respiration include:
Glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
The steps in anaerobic respiration include:
Glycolysis and fermentation.
What form of respiration generates the most energy (<30 ATP per glucose molecule)?
Aerobic respiration.
Glycolysis:
a. Is the first metabolic step in both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

b. Produces a net of 2 ATP.
In anaerobes (some bacteria, archaea, yeast), the only metabolic source of ATP:
Glycolysis.
In this process, ethyl alcohol is important in the production of beer and wine:
Fermentation.
Our muscles undergo fermentation when oxygen is scarce during strenuous activity. The byproduct is called:
Lactic acid
The amount of a ATP produced by fermentation is:
2 ADP per glucose.
In the mitochondrion, these processes extract more energy from pyruvate:
Citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
Tissues that require a lot of energy (such as the heart) have many of these organelles:
Mitochondrion.
In the citric acid cycle that takes place in the mitochondrial matrix, the following occurs:
a. Carbon in pyruvate is released as CO2

b. Produces some ATP and some NADH

c. Protons are sent to the electron transport chain where even more energy is extracted
Most ATP produced in aerobic respiration is made:
By oxidative phosphorylation.
Why are plants green?
Chlorophyll absorbs all colors but green which is reflected.
In both the chloroplast and mitochondrion:
ATP uses a H+ gradient to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP.
Since aerobic respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis:
a. It breaks down glucose to create energy (ATP)

b. It releases CO2 and H2O as byproducts
The overall process of photosynthesis can be written by the following equation:
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy ⇒ C6H12O6 + 6 H2O + 6 O2
What part of the electromagnetic spectrum represents the visible portion?
400 to 740 nm.
The overall process of respiration can be written by the following equation:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ⇒ 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (heat or ATP)
Anaerobic respiration includes the following:
Methanogens, sulfur bacteria, and fermentation.
Glucose is not the only food molecule. Cells also garner energy from:
Proteins, fats, and complex carbohydrates.
The ecological complexity of our world is fixed by:
Oxidative cellular respiration.
Interacting individuals of a single species located in a particular area are called:
A population.
A group of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively isolated:
A species.
Total number of individuals in a population:
Population size.
The number of individuals per unit area:
Population density.
Migration into a population:
Immigration.
Migration out of a population:
Emigration.
If births + immigration = death + emigration, then there is:
Zero population growth.
If births + immigration is greater than deaths + emigration, then there is:
An increase in the population size.
If births + immigration is less than deaths + emigration, then there is:
An decrease in the population size.
A population pattern that increases by a constant proportion from one generation to the next is called:
Exponential growth.
When plotted on a graph, populations that demonstrate exponential growth form:
A J-shaped curve over time.
The rate of growth in a population can be measured by:
The time it takes for a population to double its size (doubling time).
A common form of growth when a species moves into a new habitat not previously occupied:
Exponential growth.
The explosive increase in the human population occurred:
After the industrial revolution.
Population growth can not continue indefinitely due to:
Environmental limits such as food resources, habitat or water.
When limits are placed on a population, it will begin to stabilize and form this shape on a graph:
S-shaped curve over time.
The maximum population size that can be supported over an indefinite period of time is called:
The carrying capacity.
Populations usually:
Fluctuates above and below the carrying capacity.
How many acres are in continuous production in order to sustain 1 person at an affluent lifestyle?
10 to 15 acres.
Food shortages, lack of habitat, disease and predators are examples of these growth-limiting factors:
Density-dependent factors
In a density dependent factor:
The denser the population, the more drastic the effect.
Factors that influence population size that do not depend on density are called:
Density-independent factors.
Weather, fire, floods, and pesticide use prevent populations from becoming dense and are called:
Density-independent factors.
When the pesticide DDT was in use, bald eagle populations were affected due to what type of limiting factor:
Density-independent limiting factor.
In the predator-prey relationship between the Canada Lynx and snowshoe hare:
Population cycles are repeated as food (hare) and predator (lynx) populations fluctuate.
What is allopatric speciation?
a. Populations are geographically separate.

b. May use similar resources but do not compete due to a “barrier.”
What is sympatric speciation?
Populations are in same area but some other mechanism isolates them.
What is primary succession?
The development of new land, as in a volcanic eruption, or glacial retreat.
What is secondary succession?
An area recovering from a disturbance, such as a fire.
What does the human caused disturbance of clear-cutting cause?
Damage due to soil warming and the siltation of streams.
What is more damaging to an ecosystem?
Overgrazing by cattle .
How many planets in the universe are estimated to be capable of producing life?
Ten billion!
What is the simplest, most abundant life form?
Prokaryotes.
What was largely responsible for introducing oxygen into the earth’s atmosphere?
Photosynthetic bacteria.
Which prokaryote is the most important?
Anabaena or Cyanobacteria.
What is the second most important prokaryote?
Heterotrophs that consume dead organisms and carry out process of decomposition: the "decomposers".
What is biomining?
Use of microorganisms to extract minerals from ores without a deleterious effect on environments.
Who are the prokaryotes?
Bacteria and Archaea.
Know how do prokaryotes reproduce and exchange DNA.
Prokaryotes can reproduce by either binary fission or conjugation. Binary Fission is asexual reproduction where the cell splits in two, and conjugation works through the exchange in DNA between two cells.
What are the specialized cells called that fix nitrogen within in almost all cyanobacteria?
Heterocysts.
What are two examples of archaeans?
Methanogens and extremophiles.
The world's leading infectious killer of young /middle-aged adults in the developing world. Is:
Tuberculosis (TB).
What is Lyme disease?
a. an emerging infectious disease caused by >3 species of bacteria.

b. most common tick-borne disease in the Northern Hemisphere.
What other diseases may be linked to chronic Lyme disease?
a. Parkinson’s disease
b. Lou Gehrig's disease
c. MS (multiple sclerosis)
d. Alzheimer’s disease
How are viruses different from prokaryotes?
a. They do not satisfy all the criteria for being considered alive
b. They are just segments of DNA (or RNA) wrapped in a protein coat
c. They can not reproduce on their own
In which cycle do bacteriophages incorporate their DNA into the host’s DNA?
The lysogenic cycle.
An ecological interaction where two species both benefit from the interaction.
Mutualism.
An ecological interaction where one species benefits from the direct detriment to the other organism.
Exploitation.
Interaction where both species are harmed (may be competing for the same food):
Competition.
An ecological interaction where one species benefits while the other does not benefit but is also not harmed.
Commensalisms.
Three forms of exploitation where one organism benefits at the expense of another:
Herbivores, predators, and parasites.
A species living in the gut of another benefits the host by helping digest food that the host could not digest on its own. The inhabitant receives a food supply and a safe place to live. This is an example of:
Gut inhabitant mutualism.
An animal eats a fruit and passes the seed in defecation. The plant benefits by getting its future offspring dispersed, and the animal benefits by eating the food supply.
Seed dispersal mutualism.
An animal spreads the pollen of a plant to another plant. The plant offers a food reward to the animal. An example of:
Pollinator mutualism.
One organism aids another organism. Example: goby fish watches for predators of a shrimp with poor eyesight in order to share the shrimps’ burrow.
Behavioral mutualism.
A common and extremely important form of mutualistic relationship is:
Rhizobium bacteria that live in root nodules and fix N2 into NH3.
Connected to tree root hairs, this increases the ability of the tree to gather nutrients. The tree provides sugar in exchange:
Mycorrhizae.
What occurs when plants are stimulated by herbivores? Spines on cactus and toxic compounds are examples.
Induced defense.
Bright coloration in animals may warn potential predators that they are harmful or toxic. What color combination warns you to stay away from a coral snake?
Red next to yellow (warns a fellow).
An example of a consumer that affects the distribution and abundance of its’ own food:
The fungus (blight) that kills American Chestnut trees.
One species directly interferes with another species by excluding the latter from the use of a resource, such as birds competing for the same nesting site.
Interference competition.
In competition interactions:
a. The two species involved have a negative affect on each other.

b. They utilize the same resource (food, habitat, sunlight).

c. Both species would survive better if the other were absent.
The process by which species in a community are replaced over time:
Succession.
Very stable community. However it does not stay this way long due to fires, floods, lightning, etc.
A climax community.
A brand new habitat, such as a volcanic island rising out of the sea is an example of this rare event:
Primary succession.
When a community is recovering from a disturbance, this form of community forms:
Secondary succession.
What is a community?
Association of populations of various species living in the same area.
Communities can change dramatically if:
Continental drift caused the climates to change.
Long term human induced damage to communities can be caused in part by:
a. Clear-cutting a forest

b. Over-grazing by cattle

c. Nutrient run-off into streams
Every time a consumer feeds:
a. Energy is transferred

b. 90% of the energy is lost as heat in the transfer