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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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We are living in a golden age of ____
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Biology
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Biology provides _____
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exciting breakthroughs changing our culture
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Molecular Biology
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solving crimes and revealing ancestries
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Ecology
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helps us address environmental issues
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Neuroscience and evolutionary biology
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reshaping psychology and sociology
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Biology
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the scientific study of life
-life size scale ranges from molecular to global -all living things share some common properties |
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Biologists explore life
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at levels ranging from the biosphere to the molecules that make up cells
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Biosphere
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all the environments on Earth that support life
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Ecosystem
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all the organisms living in a particular area
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Community
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the array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem
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Population
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all the individuals of a species within a specific area
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Organ Systems
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have specific functions; are composed of organs
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Organs
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provide specific functions for the organism
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Tissues
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made of groups of similar cells
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Molecules
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clusters of atoms
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Organelles
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membrane-bound structures with specific functions
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Cells
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living entities distinguished from their environment by a membrane
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Producers
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photosynthetic organisms that provide food
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Consumers
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organisms that eat plants or animals that profit from plants
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Cell
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lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life
-all organisms are composed of cells |
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System
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organization made by a combination of structures
-life emerges from an interaction of structures |
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Prokaryotic Cells
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-simple and small
-bacteria are prokaryotic |
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Eukaryotic Cells
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-possess organelles separated by membranes
-plants, animals, and fungi are eukaryotic -nucleus is largest organelle in most cells |
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Genes
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units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
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Genome
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the entire book of genetic instructions that an organism inherits
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Taxonomy
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the branch of biology that names and classifies species
-it formalizes the hierarchical ordering of organisms |
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Bacteria
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prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic
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Archaea
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like bacteria, are prokaryotic, and most are unicellular and microscopic
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Eukarya
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are eukaryotic and contain a nucleus and organelles
-includes: kingdom plantae, kingdom fungi, kingdom animalia, and protists |
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Protists
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gernerally single celled
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Artificial Selection
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the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals by humans
-humans do the selecting instead of the environment |
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Evolution
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biology's core theme and explains unity and diversity of life
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Science
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derived from a Latin verb meaning "to know"
-a way of knowing -developed people's curiosity about themselves and the world around them |
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Discovery science
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uses verifiable observations and measurements to describe science
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Hypothesis-based Science
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uses the data from discovery science to explain science
-requires proposing and testing of hypotheses |
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Hypothesis
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a proposed explanation for a set of observations
-an idea on trial |
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Case study
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an in-depth examination of an actual investigation
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Fluoride
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-a common ingredient in Earth's crust
-helps maintain healthy teeth -prevents cavities by: affecting the metabolism of oral bacteria and promoting the replacement of lost minerals on the tooth surface |
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Matter
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anything that occupies space and has mass
-found in three physical states: solid, liquid, and gas |
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Elements
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substances that cannot be broken down into other substances
-92 naturally occurring elements on Earth -listed in the Periodic table -25 are essential to life -4 make up 96% of the weight of the human body: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
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Trace elements
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-occur in smaller amounts
-are essential for life |
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Compounds
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substances that contain two or more elements in a fixed ratio
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Atom
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the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element
-composed of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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Proton
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positively charged
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Electron
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negatively charged
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Neutron
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electrically neutral
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Atomic Number
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the number of protons in an atom
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Mass Number
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the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom
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Mass
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the measure of the amount of matter in an object
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Isotopes
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alternate mass forms of an element
-have the same number of protons and electrons, but a different number of neutrons |
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Covalent Bond
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forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of outer-shell electrons
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Reactants
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starting materials in chemical reactions
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Products
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end materials in chemical reactions
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Cohesion
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water molecules stick together as a result of hydrogen bonding
-vital for water transport in plants |
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Heat
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the amount of energy associated with the movement of the atoms and molecules in a body of matter
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Temperature
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measures the intensity of heat
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Evaporative Cooling
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removes heat from the earth and from organisms
-sweating |
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Solution
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liquid consisting of a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
-dissolving agent is the solvent -dissolved substance is the solute -when water is the solvent it is an aqueous solution |
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Buffers
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substances that resist pH change
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Lactose
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main sugar found in milk
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Organic Compounds
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carbon-based molecules
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Hydrocarbons
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the simplest organic compound
-organic molecules containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
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Functional Groups
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groups of atoms that usually participate in chemical reactions
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Polymers
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made by stringing together many smaller molecules called monomers
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Dehydration Reaction
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-links two monomers together
-removes a molecule of water |
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Hydrolysis
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-breaks bonds between monomers
-adds a molecule of water -reverses the dehydration reaction |
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Carbohydrates
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sugars or sugar polymers
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Monosaccharides
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simple sugars that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis into smaller sugars
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Isomers
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molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structures
-glucose and fructose |
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Disaccharide
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-a double sugar
-constructed from two monosaccharides -formed by a dehydration reaction |
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Polysaccharides
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-complex carbohydrates
-made of long chains of sugar units and polymers of monosaccharides |
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Starch
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-a familiar example of a polysaccharide
-used by plant cells to store energy |
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Glycogen
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-used by animal cells to store energy
-converted to glucose when it is needed |
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Cellulose
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-the most abundant organic compound on Earth
-forms cable-like fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plants -cannot be broken apart by most animals |
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Lipids
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-neither macromolecules nor polymers
-hydrophobic, unable to mix with water |
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Hydrogenation
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-adds hydrogen
-converts unsaturated fats to saturated fats -makes liquid fats solid at room temperature -creates trans fat |
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Trans fat
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a type of unsaturated fat that is even less healthy than saturated fats
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Proteins
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-polymers constructed from amino acid monomers
-perform most of the tasks the body needs to function -forms enzymes |
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Enzymes
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chemicals that change the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed in the process
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Nucleic Acids
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-macromolecules that provide the directions for building proteins
-include DNA and RNA -the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents |
