Biology 1 Pap Exam

Front 1

MUTATION

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Change in DNA sequence that affects genetic information (pg. 307)

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GENE SHUFFLING

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Occurs during the production of gametes. Each chromosome of a homologous pair moves independently causing many variations. (pg. 394 – 395)

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GENETIC DRIFT

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Random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations. (pg. 400)

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NATURAL SELECTION

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Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest (pg. 381)

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SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST

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Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called natural selection. (pg. 381)

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Inherited Variation

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Variations between species in certain areas and within parents to offspring.

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Artificial Selection

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Nature provided the variation, and humans selected those variations that they found useful.

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Natural Selection

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Nature and survival of the fittest. Those best suited for the environment survive.

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The Fossil Record

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Darwin saw fossils as a record of the history of life on Earth. He compared different layers of fossils (oldest and youngest) found that they were different, though the same species.

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Geographic Distribution of Living Species

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The species on one continent would be best suited for that environment, while the same species on another continent would vary.

Front 11

Homologous Body Structures

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Different Species that came from the same original species would vary from the adaptions made to survive in the specific environment.

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Similarities in Embryology

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Different Species would all start as looking like the other’s embryos.

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GENE POOL

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Combined Genetic Information of all of the members of a particular population. (pg. 394)

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RELATIVE FREQUENCY

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Number of times an allele occurs in a gene pool compared with the number of times other alleles occur. (pg. 394)

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DIRECTIONAL SELECTION

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Form of natural selection in which the entire curve moves; occurs when individuals at one end of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals in the middle or at the other end of the curve. (pg. 398)

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STABILIZING SELECTION

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Form of natural selection by which the center of the curve remains in its current position; occurs when individuals near the center of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals at either end. (pg. 399)

Front 17

DISRUPTIVE SELECTION

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Form of natural selection in which a single curve splits into two; occurs when the individuals at the upper and lower ends of a distribution curve have higher fitness than individuals near the middle. (pg. 399)

Front 18

GENETIC DRIFT

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Random change in allele frequencies that occurs in small populations. (pg. 400)

Front 19

HARDY-WEINBERG PRINCIPLE

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Principle that allele frequencies in a population will remain constant unless one or more factors cause the frequencies to change. (pg. 401)

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GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM

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Situation in which allele frequencies remain constant. (pg. 401)

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Speciation

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Formation of a new species.

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Reproductive Isolation

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Separation of species or populations so that they cannot interbreed and produce fertile offspring. (pg. 404)

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Behavioral Isolation

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Two populations are capable of interbreeding but have differences in courtship rituals or other reproductive strategies that involve behavior.

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Geographic Isolation

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Two Populations are separated by geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains, or bodies of water.

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Temporal Isolation

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Two or more species reproduce at different times.

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Variation

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The type of characteristic that works for the certain area that a species may live in.

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Natural Selection

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Those not fit for the certain area will die, others will live.

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Rapid Evolution

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Characteristics will change dramatically.

Front 29

Radioactive Dating

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Technique in which scientists calculate the age of a sample based on the amount of remaining radioactive isotopes it contains. (pg. 420)

Front 30

NAME THE 7 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION (FROM LARGE TO SMALL)

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Kingdom -> Phylum -> Class -> Order -> Family -> Genus -> Species ->

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BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE

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Developed by Carolus Linnaeus. Two-word naming system that gives each species an assigned two-part scientific name. The scientific name is always written in italics. First word capitalized. Second word lower case. Genus is the first word. The second word is often a Latinized description of some important trait of the organism or an indication of where the organism lives.

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Eubacteria

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Domain: Bacteria.
Cell Type: Prokaryote
Cell Structures: Cell walls with peptidoglycan
Number of Cells: Unicellular
Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph or heterotroph
Definition: Soil to deadly. Some photosynthetic. Some need oxygen, some killed by oxygen.

Front 33

Archaebacteria

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Domain: Archaea.
Cell Type: Prokaryote
Cell Structures: Cell walls without peptidoglycan
Number of Cells: Unicellular
Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph or heterotroph
Definition: Extreme environments.

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Protista

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Domain: Eukarya.
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Cell Structures: Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts
Number of Cells: Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular
Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph or heterotroph
Definition: Cannot be classified as animals, plants, or fungi.

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Fungi

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Domain: Eukarya.
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Cell Structures: Cell walls of chitin
Number of Cells: Most multicellular; some unicellular
Mode of Nutrition: Heterotroph
Definition: Feed on dead or decaying matter.

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Plantae

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Domain: Eukarya.
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Cell Structures: Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts
Number of Cells: Multicellular
Mode of Nutrition: Autotroph
Definition: Photosynthetic. Cannot move.

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Animalia

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Domain: Eukarya.
Cell Type: Eukaryote
Cell Structures: No cell walls or chloroplasts.
Number of Cells: Multicellular
Mode of Nutrition: Heterotroph.
Definition: Animals. Can move mostly. Most varied.

Front 38

Prokaryotes

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Contain genetic material that is not contained in a nucleus. Smaller and Simpler than Eukaryotes. Some include internal membranes. Bacteria is an example.

Front 39

Eukaryotes

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Contain a nucleus in which their genetic material is separated from the rest of the cell. Specialized. Plants and Animals are examples.

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Eubacteria

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The larger of the kingdoms. Contains cell wall that protects it’s shape. Cell walls contain peptidoglycan, a carbohydrate. Some Eubacteria contain a second membrane. Resistant to damage

Front 41

Archaebacteria

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Lack the peptidoglycan of eubacteria and also have different membrane lipids. Also, the DNA sequences of key archaebacterial genes are more like those of eukaryotes than those of eubacteria.

Front 42

Binary Fission

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When a bacterium has grown so that it has nearly doubled in size, it replicates its DNA and divides in half, producing two identical daughter cells. Because it does not involve the exchange or recombination of genetic information, it is an asexual form of reproduction.

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Homeostasis

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Process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments.

Front 44

Nerve Cell Working

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When resting, there is a net positive charge outside, inside net negative charge. The nerve cell pumps Na+ ions out of the cell and K+ ions into the cell by active transport. More K+ ions which cause positive charge inside, negative outside. Impulse is traveling rapidly down aon away from the cell body toward axon terminals. Transmits impulse to the next neuron.

Front 45

ALL THE BONES OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM. (pg. 922)

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Skull Sternum  Ribs  Vertebral Column  Clavicle  Scapula Humerus  Radius  Pelvis  Ulna  Carpals  Metacarpals  Phalanges Femus  Patella  Fibula  Tibia  Tarsals  Metatarsals  Phalanges

Front 46

Ball-and-Socket Joint

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Shoulder: Clavicle, Scapula, Humerous

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Hinge Joint

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Knee: Femur, Patella, Fibula, Tibia

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Pivot Joint

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Elbow: Humerus, Radius, Ulna

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Saddle Joint

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Knuckles: Carpals, Metacarpals

Front 50

VASCULAR TISSUE

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Type of plant tissue specialized to conduct water. (pg. 560)

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XYLEM

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Vascular tissue that carries water upward from the roots to every part of a plant. (pg. 560)

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PHLOEM

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Vascular tissue that transports solutions of nutrients and carbohydrates produced by photosynthesis. (pg. 560)

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FRUIT

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Wall of tissue surrounding an angiosperm seed. (pg. 569)

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SEED

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Embryo of a living plant that Is encased in a protective covering and surrounded by a food supply. (pg. 565)

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OVARY

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In plants, a flower structure that contains one or more ovules from which female gametophytes are produced; in animals, the female gonad that produces eggs. (pp. 612, 1008)

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CONE

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In gymnosperms, a seed-bearing structure; in the retina of the eye, a photoreceptor that responds to light of different colors, producing color vision. (pp. 564, 907)

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MESOPHYLL

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Specialized ground tissue that makes up the bulk of most leaves; performs most of a plant’s photosynthesis. (pg. 596)

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GUARD CELL

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Specialized cell in the epidermis of plants that controls the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure. (pg. 596)

Front 59

STOMA, STOMATA

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Opening in the underside of a leaf that allows carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf. (pg. 596)

Front 60

SEED COAT

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Structure that surrounds and rotects a plant embryo and keeps it from drying out. (pg. 565)

Front 61

Characteristics of Plants

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Plants are multicellular eukaryotes that have cell walls made of cellulose. They develop from multicellular embryos and carry out photosynthesis using the green pigments chlorophyll a and b.

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Characteristics of Bryophytes

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Bryophytes have life cycles that depend on water for reproduction. Lacking vascular tissue, these plants can draw up water by osmosis only a few centimeters above the ground.

Front 63

Monocots

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Single Cotyledon, Parallel Veins, Floral Parts Often in Multiples of 3, Vascular Bundles Scattered Throughout Stem, Fibrous Roots

Front 64

Dicots

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Two cotyledons, Branched Veins, Floral Parts Often in Multiples of 4 or 5, Vascular Bundles Arranged in a Ring, Taproot

Front 65

Biosphere

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Part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere (pg. 63)

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Biome

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Group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities. (pg. 64)

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Ecosystem

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Collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their nonliving environment. (pg. 64)

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Community

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Assemblage of different populations that live together in a defined area. (pg. 64)

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Population

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Group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area. (pg. 64)

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Species

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Group of similar organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring. (pg. 64)

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Organism

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An individual living thing.

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Organ System

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Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function. (pg. 193)

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Organ

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Group of tissues that work together to perform closely related functions (pg. 192)

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Tissue

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Group of similar cells that perform a particular function. (pg. 192)

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Cell

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Collection of living matter enclosed by a barrier that separates the cell from its surroundings; basic unit of all forms of life. (pp. 17, 169)

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Food Web

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Network of complex interactions formed by the feeding relationships among the various organisms in an ecosystem. (pg. 70)

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Food Chain

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Series of steps in an exosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten. (pg. 69)

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Producer

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Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce food from inorganic compounds; also called an autotroph. (pg. 67)

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Omnivore

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Organism that obtains energy by eating both plants and animals. (pg. 69)

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Herbivore

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Organism that obtains energy by eating only plants. (pg. 69)

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Detritivore

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Organism that feeds on plant and animal remains and other dead matter. (pg. 69)

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Decomposer

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Organism that breaks down and obtains energy from dead organic matter. (pg. 69)

Front 83

LIMITING FACTOR

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Factor that causes the growth of a population to decrease. (pg. 124)

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EMIGRATION

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Movement of individuals out of an area. (pg. 120)

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IMMIGRATION

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Movement of individuals into an area occupied by and existing population. (pg. 120)

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DENSITY-DEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR

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Limiting factor tht depends on population size. (pg. 125)

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DENSITY-INDEPENDENT LIMITING FACTOR

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Limiting factor that affects all populations in similar ways, regardless of population size. (pg. 127)

Front 88

DEMOGRAPHY

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Scientific study of human populations. (pg. 130)

Front 89

Tropical Rain Forest

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Infertile soil but heavy rainfall; dense vegetation. Greatest biodiversity of any biome.

Front 90

Tropical Dry Forest

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Rain seasonal. Deciduous Trees. Generally warm. Rich soils.

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Tropical Savanna

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Open grassland with scattered trees; transitional between rain forest and desert; found primarily in Africa.

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Desert

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Sparse, arid; large daily fluctuation in temperature.

Front 93

Temperate Grassland

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Rich soils, abundant precipitation, agriculturally productive; covers much of the Americas.

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Temperate Woodland and Shrubland

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Semiarid. Hot, dry summers; cool, moist winters; nutrient-poor soils; periodic fires.

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Temperate Forest

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Deciduous and Coniferous trees. Cold winters. Soil rich in humus.

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Northwestern Coniferous Forest

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Mild, moist air. Conifers. Abundant precipitation. Cool, dry. Acidic soils.

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Boreal Forest

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Northern coniferous forest with long, cold winter.

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Tundra

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Cold; little precipitation or vegetation; permafrost exists near the surface; covers -20% of Earth’s land area.

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Marine

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Salt water; covers -75% of Earth’s surface; home to 10% of living species. Divided into zones.

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Freshwater

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Ponds, lakes, rivers; tied closely to terrestrial habitats. Lakes in temperate regions see thermal stratification.

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Estuary

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Connects Freshwater to Marine.