Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Exam 1 Ch2

Front 1

Thomas Morgan - 1920s
Genetics - Study of trait ***.
Embryology - Study of trait ***.

Back 1

transmission
expression

Front 2

*** sheep oocytes were used to create Dolly.

Back 2

434

Front 3

*** is the capability of giving rise to all tissues.

Back 3

Totipotency

Front 4

*** is the capability of giving rise to most tissues.

Back 4

Pluripotency

Front 5

Transgenic?

Back 5

animals containing a gene from another

Front 6

Generally the genome is the same in every cell. The exception is *** genes of
*** cells.

Back 6

Ig
B lymphocyte

Front 7

Polytene chromosome?

Back 7

DNA replications w/o cell division.

Front 8

There are *** human genes.

Back 8

25000

Front 9

Crystallin is found in the ***.

Back 9

eye lens

Front 10

*** Genetics studies how genotype is transferred into phenotype.

Back 10

Developmental

Front 11

Protein makes up *** of the weight of chromatin.

Back 11

50%

Front 12

Nucleosome?

Back 12

Basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes.

Front 13

DNA wrapped in Solenoid shape is stabilized by Histone ***... this is not part of the ***.

Back 13

H1
nucleosome

Front 14

*** bp of DNA wrapped around histones w/H1 binding to bp *** linking nucleosomes.

Back 14

140
60

Front 15

There are *** points of contact between DNA & nucleosome.

Back 15

14

Front 16

Depending on what histone amino acid is ***... it can activate or repress transcription.

Back 16

methylated

Front 17

The 5' UTR can determine the rate at which translation is ***.

Back 17

initiated

Front 18

5’ and 3’ modifications needed to protect mRNA from *** activity.

Back 18

Exonuclease

Front 19

Trans-repressor protein interacts with lac operon at the *** sequence.

Back 19

operator

Front 20

The *** Model unified genetics and embryology.

Back 20

Operon

Front 21

Two types of cis-regulatory DNA sequences.

Back 21

Promoters
Enhancers

Front 22

Promoters are typically located *** from transcription start site while enhancers are typically located ***.

Back 22

immediately upstream
elsewhere

Front 23

RNAPII requires at least *** proteins for efficient transcription initiation.

Back 23

six

Front 24

The six nuclear proteins needed for RNAPII proper transcription are called ***.

Back 24

Basal Transcription Factors(BTF)

Front 25

First Basal Transcription factor identified was ***.

Back 25

TFIID

Front 26

BTF *** is the foundation of the transcription complex preventing nucleosome stabilization in the *** region.

Back 26

TFIID
promoter

Front 27

TF *** stabilizes TFIID binding.

Back 27

TFIIA

Front 28

TF *** is needed for addition of RNAPII.

Back 28

TFIIB

Front 29

TF *** and *** binds RNAPII before or during binding to TFIID.

Back 29

TFIIE
TFIIF

Front 30

TF *** Unwinds DNA helix.

Back 30

TFIIF

Front 31

TF *** is a DNA-dependent ATPase.

Back 31

TFIIE

Front 32

Initially, RNAPII CTD is bound to *** & is released when *** phosphorylates CTD.

Back 32

TFIID
TFIIH
carboxy-terminal domain

Front 33

TFIIH puts PO4 on *#* *** in the *** of *** *** ***.
Reverse acronym for ***....

Back 33

52 repeats
CTD
RNA polymerase II
--- carboxy-terminal domain(CTD)

Front 34

TAF?

Back 34

TBP associated factors

Front 35

TBP?

Back 35

TATA binding protein

Front 36

Estrogen receptor activates transcription after binding a ***-kDa ***.

Back 36

30
TAF

Front 37

Some genes lack the TATA sequence. Yet, *** is the deciding factor.

Back 37

TFIID

Front 38

*** are typically located immediately upstream from transcription start site.

Back 38

Promoters

Front 39

! *** is a negative enhancer.

Back 39

Silencer

Front 40

*Nuclei of some differentiated cells do/do not differ from others.

Back 40

DO

Front 41

! The *** provides a model for why cells do not express all their genes all the time.

Back 41

Lac Operon

Front 42

! Transcriptions begins when the ***-terminal domain of RNAPII bound to TFIID is phosphorylated by ***.

Back 42

carboxy
TFIIH

Front 43

DNA enhancer sequences are the same in every cell type; what differs is the combo of *** used and which combo of *** are bound.

Back 43

TF proteins
enhancers

Front 44

!!! Can enhancers have more than 1 TF binding site?

Back 44

YES!

Front 45

Nucleosome displacement allows *** to find their ***.

Back 45

TFs
enhancers

Front 46

2nd TF domain:
!!! ***-*** domain regulates transcription by controlling interactions w/proteins involved in RNAPII binding.

Back 46

!!! trans-activating domain

Front 47

3rd TF domain:
***-*** interaction domain allowing TF activity to be *** by TAFs or TFs.

Back 47

Protein-protein
modulated

Front 48

TF *** turns pancreatic endodermal cells into insulin-secreting cells.

Back 48

Mafa

Front 49

!!! These 2 proteins families enable DNA transcription state retention through cell generations.

Back 49

Trithorax family
Polycomb family

Front 50

Trithorax proteins function to stabilize expression by altering the *** of ***.

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positions of nucleosomes

Front 51

*** TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS penetrate repressed chromatin and
bind *** sequences.

Back 51

PIONEER
enhancer

Front 52

Silencers are "*** enhancers" of DNA regulatory elements that *** repress a gene.

Back 52

negative
actively

Front 53

*** allows cells to go thru rounds of mitosis maintaining differentiation

Back 53

!!! DNA Methylation

Front 54

High levels of DNA methylation result in enhanced/repressed transcription.

Back 54

repressed

Front 55

Dnmt3?

Back 55

DNA methyltransferase-3

Front 56

MeCP2?

Back 56

methyl CpG binding protein 2

Front 57

!!! DNA methylation represses gene expression by:
1) ---
2)

Back 57

Some TF can't bind
MeCP2 is recruited, recruiting DNMT3

Front 58

"X inactivation" is copied into progeny through enzyme ***.

Back 58

DNMT1

Front 59

nRNA?

Back 59

nuclear RNA
“unprocessed"

Front 60

The essence of "Differential RNA Processing" is the production of different ___ ___ in different cell types.

Back 60

protein sets

Front 61

Steps of Differential RNA Processing.
1) i___ r___
2) t*** into c___
3) t***
4) p****** mod___

Back 61

1) mRNA intron removed
2) translocated into cytoplasm
3) translation
4) posttranslational modification

Front 62

Major ways differential RNA processing regulates development
1)
2) !!!

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"censorship"
!!! Alternative splicing

Front 63

A splice site has a consensus sequence recognized by a ___.

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spliceosome

Front 64

A spliceosome consists of s__ and s__ f__.

Back 64

snRNA
splicing factors

Front 65

Different cells can have different splicing factors causing...
1) differences in ___/___ recognition
2) differences in ___/___ recognition

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1) intron/extron
2) 5' and 3'

Front 66

!!! It is estimate that approximately ___% of human genes are alternatively spliced.

Back 66

92%

Front 67

DIFFERENT proteins produced from ONE gene are called
s__ i__ of the protein.

Back 67

splicing isoforms

Front 68

The Dscam gene of ___ can produce _#_ different splicing protein isoforms with _#_ ***. What the purpose?

Back 68

Drosophila
38016
115 exons
Cells need unique identity in neural development

Front 69

1 factor affecting differential mRNA longevity...

Back 69

length of poly A tail.

Front 70

Without prolactin, *** mRNA in mammary cells had half-life of *** hours but w/prolactin *** hours.

Back 70

casein
1.1
28.5

Front 71

Some of these proteins are needed during cleavage of embryo.

Back 71

caudal morphogen
bicoid morphogen
nanos morphogen

Front 72

Oocytes: If the 5' *** is not made or 3' UTR lacks a *** mRNA won't be translated.

Back 72

cap
poly A tail

Front 73

In the Drosophila oocyte... *** represses caudal mRNA translation in the *** causing gradient to the ***.

Back 73

Bicoid
anterior
posterior

Front 74

*** is now considered the founding member of a very large number of microRNAs:

Back 74

Lin-4

Front 75

RISC?

Back 75

RNA-induced silencing complex

Front 76

mRNAs probably exist in the shape of a *** in the cytoplasm.

Back 76

circle

Front 77

For many years researchers would use this to block gene expression... Later determined C. elegans used it to do the same.

Back 77

antisense RNA

Front 78

3 Major Mechanisms for regulating mRNA localization.
1) D***
2) L***
3) A***

Back 78

1) Diffusion & local anchoring
2) Localized protection
3) Active transport along cytoskeleton

Front 79

Most widely used mechanism of mRNA localization.

Back 79

Active transport along cytoskeleton

Front 80

Fragile X syndrome caused by loss-of-function mutation for the *** protein.

Back 80

FMR1 protein
Fragile x Mental Retardation 1

Front 81

***: Enzyme that removes successive nucleotides from the end of polynucleotide chain.

Back 81

Exonuclease

Front 82

***: Enzyme that cleaves polynucleotide into two parts.

Back 82

Endonuclease

Front 83

What is CATs functional role?

Back 83

bacterial reporter gene

Front 84

NRS Element binds NRS Factor causing ***.

Back 84

repression

Front 85

*** stabilize the pre-initiation complex.

Back 85

TFs