Biol121 Week 4 Lecture C Bones & Joints

Front 1

What is the axial skeleton?

What are the 3 divisions?

Back 1

The middle/trunk of the skeleton.

1. Skull

2. Vertebral column

3. Thoracic cage (ribs + sternum)

Hint 1

Front 2

What is the role of the axial skeleton? (2)

Back 2

1. Supports & protects organs in the body cavities

2. Attaches to muscles of the head/neck/trunk, respiratory system & APENDICULAR skeleton

Front 3

Which 4 hormones influence bone growth? (Inc their effect)

Back 3

1. Growth hormone. Stimulates bone growth in infancy + teens.

2. Thyroid hormone. Enhances the effects of GH.

3. Oestrogen. Rapid bone growth, then epiphyseal plate closure.

4. Testosterone. Lasts longer than Oestrogen. Same effect though.

Front 4

1. What is released from where when there is high calcium levels in the blood?

2. What does it do to the cells of the bone?

3. What is its effect outside of the bone?

Back 4

1. Calcitonin (from Thyroid)

2. Osteoblasts build more. Osteoclasts reduce activity.

2. Lower blood Ca2, less Ca2 retention in kidneys, less gut absorption of ca2

Hint 4

Front 5

1. What is released from where with blood ca2 is too low?

2. What does it do to the cells of the bone?

3. What is the effect outside of the bone?

Back 5

1. Parathyroid hormone from PT gland

2. Osteoclast activity increase, osteoblast activity decrease

3. More cA2 retention in kidneys. More gut reabsorption.

Hint 5

Front 6

What is the appendicular skeleton?

Back 6

Everything outside of the axial skeleton, so appendages + bones + cartilage that support appendages

Hint 6

Front 7

What is synovial fluid (where is it secreted)? &

What is it for?

Back 7

Slippery, viscous fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane for:

lubrication of the joint & nourishment & waste removal

Hint 7

Front 8

What is the name of the membrane around long bones?

Back 8

Periostenum

Front 9

What is the shaft of the bone called in long bones?

Back 9

Diaphysis

Hint 9

Front 10

What is the top (on either end) of the long bone called?

What is the type of bone within, and what is it covered by?

Back 10

Epiphysis

Spongey bone covered by compact bone (for articulation w/ other bones)

Front 11

What is the lining within the bone called?

Back 11

Endosteum

Hint 11

Front 12

What is deep inside the long bone?

Back 12

Bone Marrow

Front 13

What is the diaphysis made of?

Back 13

Heavy wall of compact/dense bone

Front 14

What is the central space of the bone called?

Back 14

The medullary cavity

Hint 14

Front 15

What is is called where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet?

Back 15

Metaphysis

Hint 15

Front 16

1. What is the membrane covering the bone called?

2. What is it made of?

3. What is it an entry/exit for?

4. What is its role?

Back 16

1. Periosteum

2. Epithelia tissue, fibrous + cellular layer

3. Blood supply + nerves

4. Protects bones, assists w/ fracture repair (blood), assists w/ thickening of bone (appositional growth)

Front 17

What does the thoracic cage consist of? (3)

What is its roles? (3)

Back 17

Thoracic vertebra

Ribs

Sternum

Attachment site for upper limbs

Protects organs

Expands during ventilation

Front 18

What are the two types of ribs? (kind of 3)

Back 18

"True" ribs (attached to sternum via hyaline cartilage) 1-7

"Flase" ribs 8-12

+ also floating ribs

Hint 18

Front 19

What is isometric contraction in muscle movement?

Back 19

Muscle length and joint angle the same but muscles contract

e.g. holding a glass of water being filled up!

Hint 19

isometric = M = more weight

Front 20

What is isotonic contraction in muscle movement?

Back 20

Muscle length changes but without additional tension - tension remains constant

e.g. bicep curl. tension builds even before you lift it.

Hint 20

Tonic = tone

Front 21

What type of tissue is bone?

Back 21

Connective tissue.

Front 22

What are the two types of bone marrow?

What are each of their roles?

Back 22

Red: produces red blood cells and white blood cells

Yellow: fat and mineral storage

Front 23

What are the (6) types of bones? / bone classifications

Back 23

Long Bones

Short

Flat Bones

Irregular bones

Sutural Bones

Sesamoid bones

Front 24

Where are long bones found?

Back 24

The limbs.

Femur, humerus

Front 25

Where are flat bones found?

What are their characteristics?

Back 25

Sternum, ribs, scapulae

Thin, roughly parallel

Front 26

Where are sutural bones found?

What is their nature?

Back 26

Skull

Irregular shaped, like "stitches"

Front 27

Where are irregular bones found?

What is their nature?

Back 27

Vertebra, pelvis

Short, flat, notched. Don't fit any other class, hence irregular

Front 28

Where are short bones found?

Back 28

Small, boxy e.g. carpals, tarsals

Hint 28

carpals: hand

tarsals: foot

Front 29

Where are sesamoid bones found?

Their nature?

Back 29

Within tendons, small

e.g patella, small bones in foot

Hint 29

Front 30

What are the functions of the skeletal system? (6)

Back 30

1. Support

2. Storage of minerals, lipids, ions

3. Blood cell production

4. Protection of soft tissues

5. Leverage for muscles

6. Acid-base homeo: absorbing & releasing alkaline salts

Front 31

What are the (4) types of bone cells?

Back 31

1. Osteoclasts

2. Osteoblasts

3. Osteocytes

4. Osteoprogenitor cells

Front 32

What do osteoprogenitor cells do?

Back 32

They are the stem cells that give rise to osteablasts

They also assist in small repairs

Front 33

What do Osteoblasts do?

Back 33

Build bone ("B")

They deposit minerals 2 form new bone

Front 34

What do Osteoclasts do?

Back 34

They dissolve bone matrix (opposite of the blasts)

Front 35

What do Osteocytes do?

Back 35

They're matured osteoblasts

They maintain the matrix by continually dissolving + depositing new matrix

Front 36

What is Wolfe's law?

Back 36

Bone is laid where it is needed and removed from where it is not

Front 37

What is the role of "bone remodelling"? (4)

Back 37

- Repair micro-fractures

- Release minerals into blood

- Accumulate minerals for storage

- Reshape bones in response to use (or not)

Front 38

Which cells are involved in "bone remodelling"? (2)

Back 38

- Osteoblasts

- Osteoclasts

Front 39

What are the steps of endochondrial ossification? (5)

Essentially this is bone growth + development in neonates

Back 39

1.Chondrocytes @ centre of cartilage enlarge & then die. Matrix calcifies.

2. New OB cover shaft with a thin layer of bone

3. Blood vessels penetrate & new OB form growth centre

4. Bone of shaft thickens & epiphysis forms

5. Blood vessels invade epip, form 2ndary ossification sites

Hint 39

Front 40

What are the two types of bone there can be? Their roles?

Back 40

1. Compact bone. Heavy. Strong. Structure and support.

2. Spongey bone. Light. Marrow. Stress distribution.

Front 41

What are the (4) steps of bone elongation?

Back 41

1. Diaphysis side of epiphyseal plate: OB convert cartilage into bone.

2. Epiphysis constantly making new cartilage.

3. Continued elongation until cartilage growth slows + bone conversion accelerates

4. Epiphyseal seal closes when bone catches up to cartilage

Hint 41

Front 42

How many joints in the body are Synovial?

What is the def of synovial joint?

Back 42

95%

2 adjacent bones separated by a fibrous joint capsule filled w/ synovial fluid

Hint 42

Front 43

What does hyaline cartilage provide b/w the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint? (3)

Back 43

- Protection

- Weight distribution

- shock absorb

Front 44

What are the (6) types of synovial joints?

Back 44

- Ball and socket

- Condyloid

- Saddle

- Gliding

- Hinge

- Pivot

Front 45

What is an e.g. of a ball and socket joint? what type of joint is this?

Back 45

Hip, shoulder

Synovial

Front 46

What is an e.g. of a condyloid joint?

What type of joint is this?

Back 46

Wrist, ankle

Synovial

Hint 46

Front 47

What is an e.g. of a saddle joint?What type of joint is this?

Back 47

Base of thumb

Synovial

Hint 47

Front 48

What is an e.g. of a gliding joint?What type of joint is this?

Back 48

Carpals & tarsals

Synovial

Hint 48

Front 49

What is an e.g. of a hinge joint?What type of joint is this?

Back 49

Elbows, knees

Synovial

Hint 49

Front 50

What is an e.g. of a pivot joint?What type of joint is this?

Back 50

Neck / b/w vertebrae

Synovial

Hint 50

Front 51

What are the 2 elements of the bone matrix?

What are their roles?

Back 51

2/3 Minerals: resist compression, hard.

1/3 Proteins: collagen. resist tension. flexible.

Front 52

What are the (4) classes of joints in the body?

Back 52

Synovial / no movement

Bony / no movement

Cartilaginous / little movement

Fibrous / free movement

Front 53

What is an example of a "bony joint"?

Back 53

The skull

The epiphysis & diaphysis of long bones

- it is a joint that is formed when the gap b/w two bones ossify

Front 54

What does the structure of a flat bone resemble?

Back 54

A sandwich (of spongey bone b/w two layers of compact bone)

Hint 54

Front 55

What are fibrous joints characterised by?

Back 55

Being adjacent bones bound by collagen fibres

AKA sutures in the skull of an infant

Teet

Front 56

What are cartilaginous joints?

E.g.?

Back 56

2 bones linked together by cartilage AKA public symphysis

Hint 56

Front 57

What properties does protein bring to a bone?

Back 57

Flexibility

Front 58

What properties does calcium phosphate bring to the bone?

Back 58

make it withstand compression

very hard / bone strength

Front 59

What happens when a bone has no collagen?

Back 59

Brittle bones

Front 60

What happens when the calcium salts are taken from a bone?

Back 60

Very bend and flexible

Front 61

What does synarthrosis mean?

Back 61

No movement joint aka skull sutures of that fibrous joint

Front 62

What does amphiarthosis mean?

Back 62

Little movement aka pelvis / public symphysis

Front 63

What does symphysis mean?

Back 63

Type of cartilaginous joint. Fusion b/w bones with fibrocartilage

Front 64

What does diarthrosis mean?

Back 64

Free movement AKA synovial joints of shoulder or elbow