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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How does the digestive system contribute to homeostasis? (4steps) |
1. Ingesting food 2. Digesting food into nutrients that cells can use 3. Absorbing nutrients 4. Elimination indigestible remains |
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What are the 2 processes of digestion? |
Mechanical & chemical |
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What is mechanical digestion? |
-Begins with the chewing of food in the mouth -continued with the churning & mixing of food in the stomach |
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What is chemical digestion? |
Enzymes break down macromolecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed; starts in the mouth |
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Mouth: function, digestion, glands |
Function: receives food and breaks it into smaller pieces Digestion: mechanical & chemical Glands: salivary glands |
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Mouth: function, digestion, glands |
Function: receives food and breaks it into smaller pieces Digestion: mechanical & chemical Glands: salivary glands |
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Pharynx: function, digestion |
Function: connects mouth to esophagus; connects respiratory & digestive systems Digestion: none |
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Esophagus: function, digestion |
Function: connects pharynx and stomach Digestion: none |
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Stomach: function, digestion |
Function: storage of food; acidity kills bacteria; starts digestion of protein Digestion: mechanical and chemical |
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Small intestine: function, digestion, glands |
Function: digestion of all foods; absorption of nutrients Digestion: chemical Glands: liver, pancreas, gallbladder |
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Large intestine: function, digestion |
Function: absorption of water; storage of indigestible remains Digestion: small amount of chemical by bacteria |
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What does the roof of the mouth do? |
Separates the nasal cavity and nasopharynx |
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What does the uvula do? |
Prevents ingested food from entering the nasal cavity and nasopharynx |
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What 2 parts are the mouth divide into? |
Hard palate (anterior) Soft palate (posterior) -made of muscle -uvula -tonsils (help protect body from infections) |
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What enzyme does saliva contain? |
Salivary amylase |
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What are the 3 salivary glands and their location? |
1. Parotid gland (in front of ear) 2. Sublingual gland (beneath tongue) 3. Submandibular gland (beneath floor of mouth) |
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How many teeth do adults have? Children? |
32; 20 |
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What are the 2 main parts of teeth and what are each part divided into? |
1. Crown -enamel -Dentin -pulp 2. Root -dentin -pulp |
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What is gingiva? |
Gums |
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What are dental caries? |
Cavities |
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What is inflammation of the gums called? |
Gingivitis |
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What is inflammation of the periodontal membrane/ligament called? |
Periodontitis |
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What is the epiglottis? |
Closed off the glottis so only food can enter the esophagus |
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What is the pharynx? |
Passageway that received air from the nasal cavities and food from the mouth |
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What are the 3 parts of the pharynx? |
-nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx |
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What is the esophagus? |
Muscular tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach |
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What is peristalsis? |
Rhythmic muscular contractions that moves food along the digestive tract |
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What and where is the cardiac sphincter? |
Closes off esophagus from stomach; located right above stomach |
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What is heartburn? |
When the contents of the stomach escape into the esophagus thru the cardiac sphincter |
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What does amylase break down? |
Starches |
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What are the 4 layers of the digestive tract? |
1. Mucosa 2. Submucosa 3. Muscularis externa 4. Serosa (outermost) |
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What allows for expansion of the stomach? |
Rugae |
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What kind of skin lines the stomach? |
Simple columnar epithelium |
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What is secreted in the stomach to digest proteins? |
Pepsinogen (becomes pepsin) |
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What are the 3 layers of the stomach? |
Inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal |
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What gets absorbed by the stomach? |
Alcohol and other liquids (a little) |
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What concerts pepsinogen into pepsin? |
Hydrochloric acid |
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What is chyme? |
Food + acid that leaves the stomach |
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In what order does the digestive tract move? |
Esophagus > cardiac sphincter > stomach > pyloric sphincter > duodenum |
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Why is the small intestine called the small? |
It's smaller in diameter, not length |
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Why is the small intestine called the small? |
It's smaller in diameter, not length |
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What is the duodenum? |
The first 25 cm of the sm intestine |
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What does the duodenum receive from the liver? What does the thing received do? |
Bile; emulsifies fat |
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What does the duodenum receive from the pancreas and what does it do? |
Enzymes for digestion; bicarbonate to neutralize acidic pH of chyme |
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What is the middle section of the sm intestine? |
Jejunum |
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What is the ileum? |
The last section of the sm intestines |
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What does the ileum contain that is important? |
Peyer's patches - immune response to intestinal pathogens |
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Where does most absorption occur in the digestive tract? |
Small intestines |
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Villi: location and function |
Blood capillaries for absorption - absorb simple sugars, amino acids, electrolytes, and water |
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Lacteals |
Lymph capillaries that carry digested fats Found in small intestines Part of lymphatic system |
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What are microvilli? |
Microscopic extensions on surface of epithelial cells of villi |
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What are digestive secretions regulated by? |
Nervous system and hormones |
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Hormone: define and examples |
Substance produced by a group of cells that affects a different group of cells (Ex: gastrin & GIP |
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What is gastrin? |
A hormone released by the stomach after a protein rich meal (increases stomach activity) |
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What is GIP? |
Gastric inhibitory peptide: produced by duodenal wall to inhibit gastric gland secretion |
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What is somatostatin? |
A hormone secreted by the small intestine to inhibit hydrochloric acid secretion by the stomach |
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What is secretin? |
A hormone produced by the duodenal wall stimulated by the entrance of HCL in chyme that causes the pancreas to increase bicarbonate |
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What is CCK and it's 3 effects? |
A hormone produced by the duodenal wall stimulated by proteins and fat in chyme Effects: 1. Causes pancreas to increase digestive enzymes 2. Causes contraction of gallbladder (bile moves thru bile ducts to sm intestine) 3. Causes decrease in gastric activity |
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How does the large intestine compare to the small in size? |
Larger in diameter; shorter in length |
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What are the functions of the large intestine? |
-Absorb water, salts and some vitamins -not much digestion -stores indigestible materials until eliminated in feces |
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What are the parts of the large intestine? |
Cecum, colon, rectum, anal cavity, anus |
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What are the parts of the large intestine? |
Cecum, colon, rectum, anal cavity, anus |
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What does the sm intestine empty into? |
Cecum |
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What are the 4 parts of the colon? |
Ascending colon; transverse colon; descending colon; sigmoid colon |
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Where is the appendix and what is it for? |
Hanging off cecum; plays a role in fighting infection |
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When does defecation occur? |
After the stretching of the rectal wall initiated nerve impulse to the spinal cord |
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What is feces made of? |
3/4 water. 1/4 solids |
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What causes the odor and brown color of feces? |
Bacterial break down of materials account for odor; metabolism of bilirubin and oxidized iron account for color |
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What are the 4 accessory organs of digestion? |
1. Pancreas 2. Liver 3. Gallbladder 4. Salivary glands |
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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? |
Insulin (stores glucose) glucagon (gets glucose into blood) -blood glucose regulation |
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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? |
Insulin (stores glucose) glucagon (gets glucose into blood) -blood glucose regulation |
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What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? |
-sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes stomach acid) -pancreatic amylase (digests starch) -trypsin (digests protein) - lipase (digests fat) |
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What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? |
Insulin (stores glucose) glucagon (gets glucose into blood) -blood glucose regulation |
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What is the exocrine function of the pancreas? |
-sodium bicarbonate (neutralizes stomach acid) -pancreatic amylase (digests starch) -trypsin (digests protein) - lipase (digests fat) |
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What is the largest gland in the body? |
Liver |
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What are the 4 functions/structures in the lobules of the liver? |
1. A bile duct takes away bile 2. A branch of the hepatic artery brings oxygen rich blood 3. A branch of the hepatic portal vein transports nutrients from intestines 4. Each lobule has a central vein that enters a hepatic vein |
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Where is bile produced? |
Liver |
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What are bile salts? |
Emulsify fats |
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What is bilirubin? |
Hemoglobin breakdown product |
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What 5 things does the liver do? |
1. Detoxifies and removed poisonous substances 2. Removed and stores iron and vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12 3. Makes plasma proteins 4. Regulates cholesterol 5. Regulates blood glucose (stored as glycogen) |
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Where is bile stored? |
Gallbladder |
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Why is water reabsorbed in he gallbladder? |
To thicken bile |
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Where does the common bile duct come from and where does it empty into? |
Comes from gallbladder; emptied into duodenum |
