Bio Exam 5 Ch 13

Front 1

Adaptive immunity

Back 1

Occurs when innate defense fails to prevent an infection. Systems recognizes, responds to and eliminates certain antigens

Front 2

Antigen

Back 2

Any molecule that stimulates an adaptive immunity response. Usually takes 5-10 days to be fully activated

Front 3

How does adaptive immunity depend on B and T cells? (4 reasons)

Back 3

-both B and T cells recognize antigens bc they have specific antigen receptors

-each lymphocyte has only one type of receptor

-diversity is needed bc there's many types of antigens

-specific B or T cells are made for almost every kind of antigen

Front 4

Clonal selection theory

Back 4

Only a few cells within a population of B and T cells have antigen receptors for any specific antigen

Front 5

When does the "selection" part of clonal selection occur?

Back 5

When an antigen binds to receptors of a particular lymphocyte (divides repeatedly forming clonal cells. Only cells that have a receptor specific to an antigen divide in the process.)

Front 6

What can happen with antigens due to the randomness of antigen generation?

Back 6

They can't distinguish "self" from "nonself" like usual

Front 7

Where are B cells activated?

Back 7

Lymph nodes or spleen when specific antigens bind to BCR

Front 8

What stimulates B cells to divide?

Back 8

Cytokines secreted from helper T cells

Front 9

What is defense by B cells called?

Back 9

Antibody mediated immunity (also humoral immunity)

Front 10

What happens to activated B cell clones?

Back 10

Most become plasma cells

Some become memory cells

Front 11

What are the 3 steps of B cell clonal selection?

Back 11

1. An antigen binds to the receptor of only one B or T cell, then that B or T cell divides, forming clones of itself

2. Only the B cell with a BCR shape that fits the antigen undergoes clonal expansion

3. Most B cells become plasma, some memory cells

Front 12

What is another name for antibodies?

Back 12

Immunoglobulins (lg)

Front 13

What is the shape/anatomy of antibodies?

Back 13

Y-shaped

Each arm has a "heavy" long chain and a "light" short chain

Each chain has 2 regions: constant (C) regions same class of antibodies

Variable (V) regions vary between antibodies

Front 14

What are the 3 types of T cells?

Back 14

Helper T (TH)

Cytotoxic T (TC)

Memory T

Front 15

What kind of antigens do TH cells recognize?

Back 15

Antigen-presenting cells (APC) with MHC II molecules of their surface

Front 16

What kind of antigens do TC cells recognize?

Back 16

Antigens with MHC I molecules of their surface

Front 17

What do Tc cells provide?

Back 17

Immunity against virus infected cells and cancer cells

Front 18

What in Tc cells induces apoptosis?

Back 18

Granzymes

Front 19

What do some Tc cells become?

Back 19

Memory T cells

Front 20

What are the 2 types of adaptive immune responses?

Back 20

Active immunity: individual is exposed to antigen and the individual has to produce its own antibodies

Passive immunity: individual is given prepared antibodies either naturally or artificially by injection

Front 21

Active immunity

Back 21

Develops naturally after a person is infected with an antigen, but can be induced artificially by immunization

Front 22

What is a vaccine?

Back 22

Substances that contain an antigen to which the immune system responds (traditionally)

Front 23

What is passive immunity?

Back 23

Person receives antibodies

(Cross placenta but only last a few months, found in colostrum which prolongs immunity)

Temporary bc there are no memory cells

Front 24

Naturally acquired active immunity

Back 24

Mechanism: exposure to live pathogens

Result: stimulation of an immune response with symptoms of a disease

Front 25

Artificially acquired active immunity

Back 25

Mechanism: exposure to a vaccine containing weakened or dead pathogens or their components

Results: stimulation of an immune response without symptoms of a disease

Front 26

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Back 26

Mechanism: antibodies pass from fetus to pregnant woman with active immunity or to newborn through colostrum or breast milk from a woman with active immunity

Result: short-term immunity for newborn without stimulating an immune response

Front 27

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Back 27

Mechanism: injection of antiserum containing specific antibodies or antitoxin

Result: short-term immunity without stimulating an immune response

Front 28

Naturally acquired

Back 28

obtained by a natural process (getting and recovering from the disease, or given from mother to fetus or infant)

Front 29

Artificially acquired

Back 29

Obtained by an injection, instead of a natural process

Front 30

Passive immunity

Back 30

Temporary immunity obtained via antibodies; no antigen exposure; no immune response is evoked by persons immune system

Front 31

Active immunity

Back 31

Permanent immunity obtained via antigen contact; immune response is evoked, and memory B cells are produced

Front 32

What are cytokines?

Back 32

Signaling molecules that regulate white blood cell formation or function

Front 33

What are cytokines?

Back 33

Signaling molecules that regulate white blood cell formation or function

Front 34

What are the medical uses of cytokines?

Back 34

-Stimulation of blood cell production in cancer patients whose treatment reduces normal function of bone marrow

-treatment of cancer by stimulating the immune response (interferons used to directly inhibit cancer growth or inhibit viruses that may cause cancer)

Front 35

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Back 35

A group of plasma cells from the same B cell

Front 36

What are monoclonal antibodies used for?

Back 36

Diagnostic tests (pregnancy tests)

Vehicles for drug delivery

Identification of infections