Bio Exam 1

Front 1

Taste receptors that require ion channels in stead of second messenger pathways

Back 1

sour and salt

Front 2

in the crossed extensors reflex, one stimuli sends a signal up the sensory neuron to the spinal cord. how many signals would have to be sent down separate motor neurons to generate the appropriate response

Back 2

4

Front 3

the diencephalon consists of all the following

Back 3

hypothalamus
thalamus
pituitary
pineal gland

Front 4

if your frontal lobe is damaged and affects your ability to produce speech, you most likely have damage to the

Back 4

Broca's Area

Front 5

REM sleep

Back 5

Parodoxical: Deepest sleep, most difficult to wake from but EEG looks most like awake cycle
*Dream cycle

Front 6

visceral and somatic afferent neurons

Back 6

often coverage on the same neuron in the spinal cord leading to referred pain (pain somewhere other than diseased or injured tissue)

Front 7

Mechanosensory receptors

Back 7

*tactile Meissner's corpuscle-surface-light touch
*tactile Merkle's corpuscle- mid- touch
*free nerve ending - pain
*lamellated Pacinian corpuscle- vibration and deep pressure
*Ruffini corpuscle- warmth

Front 8

sleep cycle

Back 8

90 minute stages
*As sleep progresses, # waves per unit time decreases and amplitude increases
*stages 1-4 and REM
*norepinephrine and seratonin cycle throughout sleep cycle

Front 9

neurotransmitter released by postganglionic sympathetic nerve fiber

Back 9

norepinephrine

Front 10

glial cells responsible for myelinating CNS neurons

Back 10

oligodendrocytes

Front 11

cerebral cortex

Back 11

*cerebrum
*perception
*motor areas/ skeletal muscle movement
*integration or information and direction of voluntary movement

Front 12

basal ganglia

Back 12

*cerebrum
*movement

Front 13

limbic system

Back 13

*cerebrum
*amygdala- emotion and memory
*hippocampus- learning and memory

Front 14

thalamus

Back 14

*diencephalon
*integrating center and relay station for sensory & motor information

Front 15

hypothalamus

Back 15

*diencephalon
*maintain homeostasis & behavioral drives

Front 16

pineal gland

Back 16

melanin secretion

Front 17

cerebellum

Back 17

movement coordination

Front 18

midbrain

Back 18

*brain stem
*eye movement

Front 19

pons

Back 19

*brain stem
*relay between cerebrum and cerebellum; coordination of breathing

Front 20

medulla oblongata

Back 20

*brain stem
*control involuntary functions: arousal, sleep, muscle tone, pain modulation

Front 21

oligodendrocytes

Back 21

*CNS glial cell
*form myelin sheaths

Front 22

astrocytes

Back 22

*CNS glial cell
*maintain K+ balance (uptake K+), link btwn neurons and blood vessels, maintain blood brain barrier, support central nervous system, secret neurotrophic (growth) factors

Front 23

Schwann cells

Back 23

*PNS glial cell
*form myelin sheaths

Front 24

satellite cells

Back 24

*PNS glial cell
*structural support (esp ganglion) of cell bodies

Front 25

microglial cells

Back 25

*CNS glial cell
* scavengers similar to macrophages, engulf things hindering optimal neurotransmission

Front 26

ependymal cells

Back 26

*CNS glial cells
*neural stem cells
*cell barriers (blood-brain)

Front 27

order the path of sound through the ear:
1) action potentials are transmitted down cochlear nerve
2) sound waves vibrate tympanic membrane
3) sound travels through external auditory canal
4) malleus vibrates against incus, transmits sound through oval window
5) sound travels through cochlea and stimulates hair cells

Back 27

3,2,4,5,1

Front 28

muscarinic receptors found in which structures

Back 28

smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
some CNS neurons

Front 29

loss of muscle control due to damage to motor areas brain during fetal development or childbirth

Back 29

cerebral palsy

Front 30

stimuli that will converge on a single neuron that will illicit a very specific response

Back 30

convergence

Front 31

stimuli from a single source that is sent out to multiple neurons

Back 31

divergence

Front 32

CNS disorder- distruction of myelin sheaths (slow rx time). scar tissue form around axon, does not insulate as well as myelin and will short circuit charge relay

Back 32

multiple schlerosis

Front 33

form of MS linked genetically. myelin sheath destruction starts @ birth before sheath is fully developed. many dont live past 1o yrs old

Back 33

Tay-Sachs disease

Front 34

disorder w/ symptoms of shaking & jerking extremities, inappropriate movement from damage to basil ganglia in midbrain, deterioration of neural connections. Dopamine not released or bound, abnormal protein plaques which short circuit neural activity. progressive disorder leading to neural circuit disjunctions in various parts of brain (dementia)

Back 34

Parkinson's disease:
treat by increasing levels of dopamine

Front 35

grey matter

Back 35

unmyelinated neurons, neural connections don't often travel outside the brain

Front 36

white matter

Back 36

myelinated, appear lighter, increased conduction speed

Front 37

Alzheimer's disease

Back 37

not a lot of drug success, head in juries increase risk.
increased incidence in protein plaques or protein filaments tangle around neurons and short circuit neural pathways. (aluminum deposits on filaments). may be hereditary

Front 38

Stroke

Back 38

brain deprived of oxygen by a blood clot, narrowing of blood vessels and cut off blood, increased blood pressure and lack of oxygen. effects can be re-learned

Front 39

effects of cocaine

Back 39

damage brain, block neurotransmitter uptake -> stimulant
*increase duration/ activity or sympathetic nervous system, increase blood pressure (vasoconstriction), increase heart rate, lead to stroke. heart attack

Front 40

clinical depression

Back 40

affected limbic system
*seasonal affective disorders etc.
*meds inhibit breakdown of certain neurotransmitters to maintain higher levels (dopamine, seratonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine)

Front 41

what is a resting muscle bound to

Back 41

ADP and Pi

Front 42

leaky chloride channels (Cl-) cause

Back 42

lower resting potential, less likely for an action potential to take place

Front 43

neuroatomical pathway for process of visual infomation

Back 43

*left field of vision (in each eye) hits right side of retina and right side of retina in each eye is transmitted to the optic tract on the right side of the brain.
*right field of vision hits left side of retina and is transmitted to the optic tract on the left side of the brain

Front 44

what is the functional unit of hearing?

Back 44

organ of corti

Front 45

Damage to basal ganglia in midbrain is indicative of what disorder?

Back 45

Parkinson's disease

Front 46

What ion channel is opened to cause hyperpolarization

Back 46

voltage gated K+ channels

Front 47

What is the order of events of nerve transmission:
1) voltage sensitive Ca channels open
2) synaptic vesicles migrate towards axon terminal
3) neurotransmitter binds to membrane receptor on postsynaptic cell
4) action potential depolarizes axon terminal
5) synaptic vesicles fuse and release neurotrasmitter in to synaptic cleft

Back 47

4,1,2,5,3

Front 48

muscle fiber with high myoglobin content and intermediate glycogen content

Back 48

fast oxidative

Front 49

crystals in utricle and saccule portion of the semilunar canals that move in response to gravitational forces

Back 49

otholiths

Front 50

disorder due to buildup of fluid in anterior chamber or the eye leading to increased intraocular pressure

Back 50

glaucoma

Front 51

rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors that respond to vibration and deep pressure

Back 51

lamellated pacinian corpuscle

Front 52

sound waves to through round window and enter ________ on their way to the back of the mouth

Back 52

eustacian tube

Front 53

ripples in the chochlear fluid cause the hair cells to scrape against the _______ membrane

Back 53

techtorial

Front 54

DHP receptor is a voltage sinsing receptor that links t tubule with the sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle cell. when triggered, it allows __________ to enter the cytoplasm

Back 54

calcium

Front 55

Ca binds to _______ in smooth muscle to produce cross bridge cygling

Back 55

calomodulin

Front 56

cerebral lobe in charge of understanding speech, expressing thoughts and emotions and interpreting shapes and textures

Back 56

parietal

Front 57

can contract or shorten but only to the length of the myosin filaments

Back 57

sarcomere

Front 58

autoimmune disorder characterixed by joint swelling, pain and eventual loss of function

Back 58

rhematoid arthritis

Front 59

largest portion of diencephalon and responsible as the integrating and relay center for sensory information

Back 59

thalamus

Front 60

myosin head will detach from actin when ______ binds to myosin

Back 60

ATP

Front 61

what would be a result of higher Ca in extracellular

Back 61

*higher diffusion
*higher binding to calomodulin
*increased activation of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK)
*increased cardiac muscle stimulation
*increase # of action potentials

Front 62

order events of action potential:
1) Membrane potential overshoots above zero
2) Voltage-gated Na+ potential with K+ and Na+ channels closed
3) Membrane potential dip below -70mV in hyperpoliarization event
4) K+ gates open causing k+ to leaves the cell
5) Membrane returns to resting potential with K+ and Na+ channels closed

Back 62

2, 1, 4, 3, 5

Front 63

order events of neurotransmitter release:
1) neurotransmitter binds to membrane receptor on postsynaptic cell
2) action potential depolarizes axon terminal
3) voltage sensitive Ca channels open
4) synaptic vesicles migrate toward axon terminals
5) synaptic vesicles fuse and release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft

Back 63

2, 3, 4, 5, 1

Front 64

if language comprehension seems to be impaired, speech is fluent and fast but meaningless what is damaged?

Back 64

Wernicke's area

Front 65

neurotransmitter released by postganglionic parasympathetic fiber

Back 65

acetylcholine

Front 66

glial cells responsible for forming regeneration tubes

Back 66

schwann cells

Front 67

what happens to the membrane potential if sodium (Na) channels are leaky on a neuron membrane

Back 67

*higher than resting (> -70)
*more likely for action potential occur

Front 68

which neurotransmitters excite smooth and cardiac muscles

Back 68

acetlycholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Front 69

the vascular tunic is modified on the front of the eye to become what?

Back 69

the iris

Front 70

where is a muscarinic receptor found?

Back 70

postsynaptic neuron of a parasympathetic pathway

Front 71

What ion channels are open during membrane repolarization?

Back 71

Na+ and K+

Front 72

what is the main visual cortex?

Back 72

occipital lobe

Front 73

what type of chemoreceptors do hydrogen (H+) ions trigger

Back 73

sour (acidic -> think citrus)

Front 74

the _____________ is the time of nerve cell recovery before a second action potential can occur

Back 74

absolute refractory period

Front 75

ripples in the cochlear fluid cause the hair cells to scrape against the __________ membrane

Back 75

techtorial

Front 76

decreasing extracellular K+ concentration will ________ likelihood of and action potential to occur

Back 76

decrease

Front 77

a _________ is a graded hyperpolarization that moves the membrane potential further from the threshold potential

Back 77

IPSP