Bio 211 Exam 1

Front 1

What is speciation?

Back 1

natural selection has caused populations of one
species to diverge and form new species.

Front 2

Dataset

Back 2

collected from a sample of all possible individuals that could be measured from an entire population of individuals

Front 3

What is statistical significance?

Back 3

used to build inference on whether or not there is a strong enough relationship between variables in our sample to draw conclusions about a pattern in the entire population

Front 4

What is statistics?

Back 4

provide a formal way of deciding whether a biological prediction about a population is likely supported using a sample of data

Front 5

What is null hypothesis?

Back 5

the result expected if there were no relationship between variables (for quantitative traits)

Front 6

What is a test statistic?

Back 6

a single value computed from the data from your sample

Front 7

What is a critical value?

Back 7

a value that can be looked up in a table
if test statistic is greater than critical value- then the data are "extreme" and any relationship you founbd between the two variables is unlikely due to chance

Front 8

What are the degrees of freedom?

Back 8

a number based on the sample size of the data

Front 9

What is a P-value?

Back 9

the probability that a relationship between variables is measured from your sample is due to chance rather than to an actual relationships in the population

Front 10

What is alpha?

Back 10

the upper limit on the risk you are willing to take that a relationship between variables measured in your sample is due to chance rather than to an actual relationship in the population

Front 11

What is a null hypothesis?

Back 11

the result expected if there were no relationship between variables

Front 12

What is an alternative hypothesis?

Back 12

the result expected if there were a relationship between variables, or the differences in means is too large to be account for by random variation among individuals

Front 13

What is correlation analysis?

Back 13

provides a way to test the hypothesis of a relationship between two continuous variables

Front 14

What is a t-test?

Back 14

provides a way to test for differences in mean value between two groups

Front 15

What is a chi-square test?

Back 15

provides a way to test for an association between two categorical variables

Front 16

What does a control do?

Back 16

checks for
factors, other than the one being tested, that might influence
the experiment’s outcome

Front 17

What are some examples of habitat destruction?

Back 17

runoff, space, ecological needs

Front 18

What are the effects of invasive species?

Back 18

causes competition with endegenous species, spreads disease and predation

Front 19

What is habitat fragmentation?

Back 19

it describes the emergence of discontinuities (fragmentation) in an organism's preferred environment (habitat).

Front 20

What kinds of organims do you predict to be especially at risk of local extinction?

Back 20

undiscovered species, small niche species, low population growth, migrating organisms, organism affected by human outpu

Front 21

What attributes of small populations put them at risk?

Back 21

less genetic diversity, more affected by predator attacks, few potential mates, recessive lethal alleles, population fluctuation, birth and death rate, catastrophes

Front 22

What type of implications does human population growth have on other species?

Back 22

pollution, global climate change, overexploitation, introduced species,

Front 23

What are the leading threats to biodiversity?

Back 23

fragmentation of habitat and loss of habitat

Front 24

According to fossils how many species are lost per year?

Back 24

25%,, 27,000

Front 25

What are exotic species?

Back 25

nonnative competitors, diseases, or
predators.

Front 26

What are endangered species?

Back 26

which are almost certain to go extinct unless effective conservation programs are put
in place,

Front 27

What is net primary productivity?

Back 27

the total
amount of photosynthesis per unit area per year that ends up
in biomass.

Front 28

How do we design reserves to meet conservation goals?

Back 28

1. preserve entire ecosystem
2. preserving biodiversity in general
3. protect a particular species

Front 29

What ecological research should be considered for restoration?

Back 29

typically a small area -minimize edge
2. knowledge of the natural area (what species should be included in restoration)
3. Knowledge of species (characteristics of species included)
4. Natural process of succession (the graduate, natural turn-over from one community type to another)

Front 30

What is a scientific hypothesis?

Back 30

poses a formal mechanism to account for patterns in the data

Front 31

What is a statistical hypothesis?

Back 31

a statement about patterns in the dta and the likelihood that these patterns could arise by chance

Front 32

What is a population?

Back 32

is a group of individuals of the same species that
live in the same area at the same time.

Front 33

In ecology and evolutionary biology what is the basic unit of of analysis?

Back 33

populations

Front 34

What is population ecology?

Back 34

the study of how and why the number
of individuals in a population changes over time.

Front 35

What is the P-value?

Back 35

measures the probability that observed differences would be found if the null hypothesis were true

Front 36

What is heritability?

Back 36

resemblance between relatives, degree of genetic determination

Front 37

What is the formula for heritability?

Back 37

h^2=Va/Vp

Front 38

What is a fossil?

Back 38

any trace of an organism that lived in the past

Front 39

What isthe purpose of complete randomized designs?

Back 39

are for studying the effects of one primary factor without the need to take other nuisance factors into account.

Front 40

What is artificial selection?

Back 40

just as the deliberate manipulation of “artificial selection”
changes the characteristics of a domesticated population over
time.

Front 41

What is genomics?

Back 41

The field of study concerned with
sequencing, interpreting, and comparing whole
genomes from different organisms

Front 42

What is radiometric dating used for?

Back 42

techniques
to assign absolute ages to the relative ages in the geologic time
scale.

Front 43

What is a half-life?

Back 43

fossils which 50% of the radioactive atoms decay in the first half life, then the remaining atom 50% decay in the second half life, and so on

Front 44

What is a transitional form?

Back 44

is a fossil species with traits that are
intermediate between those of older and younger species.

Front 45

What is a vestigial trait?

Back 45

re-
duced or incompletely developed structure that has no function
or reduced function, but it is clearly similar to functioning or-
gans or structures in closely related species.

Front 46

What is biological evolution?

Back 46

change in allele frequencies in populations
**genetic changes in populations,
**descent with modification (speciation)
By this he meant
that the species existing today have descended from other, preex-
isting species and that species are modified, or change, through
time.

Front 47

What are 4 different ways to determine common ancestry?

Back 47

structural homology, developmental homology, genetichomology, universality homology(HOM & HOX)

Front 48

What is the significance of the HOM and HOX complexes?

Back 48

fruit flies and humans have similar sequences and are int he same order on their chromosomes. Tells the body the structure

Front 49

What is analogy?

Back 49

similarity of function and superficial resemblance of structures that have different origins

Front 50

What is fitness in relation to phenotypes and genotypes?

Back 50

it is a property of genotypes but it is a phenotype

Front 51

What is the criteria for natural selection?

Back 51

1. variation in phenotype
2. variations are heritable
3. organisms differ in fitness
4. fitness differences relate to phenotype differences

Front 52

What does h^2 stand for?

Back 52

proportion of phenotypic variation that is based on genetic variation

Front 53

What is genetic homology?

Back 53

a similarity in the DNA sequences of different
species

Front 54

What is the genetic code?

Back 54

Except for one or two codons in a handful of species, the same
64 mRNA codons specify the same amino acids in all organ-
isms that have been studied.

Front 55

How does evolution by natural selection occur?

Back 55

(1) heritable variation leads to
(2) differential success in survival and reproduction.

Front 56

What is natural selection?

Back 56

nonrandom survival or reproductive success based on suitability of traits to the environment

Front 57

What is genetic correlation?

Back 57

because of pleiotropy (see Chapter 13).In this case,
selection on alleles for one trait (increased beak depth) caused
a correlated, though suboptimal, increase in another trait (beak
width).
genetic constraints on adaptation

Front 58

What are the 4 mechanisms that shift allele frequencies in populations?

Back 58

Natural selectionincreases the frequency of certain al-
leles—the ones that contribute to success in survival and
reproduction.
2. Genetic driftcauses allele frequencies to change randomly.
In some cases, drift may even cause alleles that decrease fit-
ness to increase in frequency.
3. Gene flowoccurs when individuals leave one population,
join another, and breed. Allele frequencies may change when
gene flow occurs, because arriving individuals introduce
alleles to their new population and departing individuals
remove alleles from their old population.
4. Mutationmodifies allele frequencies by continually intro-
ducing new alleles. The alleles created by mutation may be
beneficial or detrimental or have no effect on fitness.

Front 59

What is random mating?

Back 59

meaning, random combinations of all gametes
in a population.

Front 60

What is genetic drift?

Back 60

changes in allele frequency due to chance, random effects cause differences in survival and/or reproduction

Front 61

What is gene flow?

Back 61

movement of alleles between population dues to immigration or emigration

Front 62

What is mutation?

Back 62

changes in allele frequencies by introducing new alleles

Front 63

What is population genetics?

Back 63

the study of changes and distributions of allele frequencies in and among populations under the evolutionary mechanisms, natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow and mutations

Front 64

What is evolutionary mechanisms?

Back 64

natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, mutation

Front 65

What is an allele?

Back 65

alternative forms of a gene at a locus

Front 66

What are genotype and allele frequencies?

Back 66

abundance in population

Front 67

What is gene pool?

Back 67

gametes produced by breeding individuals in a population

Front 68

If Hardy-Weinberg principles are met then what are the implications?

Back 68

-allele frequencies remain constant
--therefore, genotype frequencies remain constant after 1 generation

Front 69

What is directional selection?

Back 69

because the average pheno-
type of the populations changed in one direction.
the mean changes

Front 70

What is stabilizing selection?

Back 70

It has two important
consequences: There is no change in the average value of a
trait over time, and genetic variation in the population is
reduced.

Front 71

What is genetic variation?

Back 71

refers
to the number and relative frequency of alleles that are pres-
ent in a particular population.

Front 72

What is disruptive selection?

Back 72

it eliminates phenotypes near
the average value and favors extreme phenotypes
increases variation (no change in mean)--could lead to speciation

Front 73

What is sexual selection?

Back 73

Sexual
selection occurs when individuals within a population differ in
their ability to attract mates. It favors individuals with heritable
traits that enhance their ability to obtain mates.

Front 74

What is the fundamental asymmetry of sex?

Back 74

energetic cost of creating a large egg is enormous, whereas a sperm contains few energetic resources.Thus, in most species, females invest much more in their
offspring than do males

Front 75

What is the "founder effect"

Back 75

When a group of
individuals emigrates to a new geographic area and establishes
a new population
A change in allele frequencies
that occurs when a new population is established is

Front 76

What population bottleneck?

Back 76

a large population suddenly shrinks due to catastrophe, disease, etc
sudden reduction in # of alleles, similar to founder effect

Front 77

What is genetic bottleneck?

Back 77

?is a
sudden reduction in the number of alleles in a population

Front 78

What is immigration and emigration and its affects on genetic variation?

Back 78

immigration- increase genetic variation
emigration-decrease genetic variation

Front 79

What are two types of genetic drift?

Back 79

founder effect and bottleneck effect

Front 80

What is a mutation?

Back 80

a spontaneous or induced change to the genetic sequence

Front 81

What is deleterious mutations?

Back 81

most
mutations in sequences that code for a functional protein or
RNA result
alleles that lower fitness

Front 82

What are some sources of mutations?

Back 82

induced- UV, X-rays, chemical mutagens
Spontaneous- sequence-level copying errors, abnormal chromosomal changes

Front 83

What is inbreeding?

Back 83

mating among relatives

Front 84

What is a point mutation?

Back 84

A mutation that results in a
change in a single nucleotide pair in a DNA molecule.

Front 85

What is a silent mutation?

Back 85

ilent mutations are
said to be neutral in their effect on an individual’s fitness. It is
possible for point mutations to be silent and neutral with respect
to fitness because of the redundancy in the genetic code. the amino acid sequence of
the gene product does not change even though the DNA se-
quence is altered due to mutation.

Front 86

What is a chromosome mutation?

Back 86

Polyploidy, aneuploidy, and other
changes in chromosome number result from chance mistakes in
the partitioning of chromosomes during meiosis or mitosis.

Front 87

What are the two mechanims that violate the HW theory of random mating assumption?

Back 87

sexual selection and inbreeding

Front 88

What is selfing?q

Back 88

is the
most extreme form of inbreeding; but the same outcomes
occur, more slowly, with less-extreme forms of inbreeding.

Front 89

What is phenotypic plasticity?

Back 89

an environmentally based change in the phenotype

Front 90

What is cleistogamy?

Back 90

self-fertilization of plans

Front 91

What 4 processes does the number of individuals in a population depend on?

Back 91

birth, death, immigration, and emigra-
tion.

Front 92

What is demography?

Back 92

the study of
factors that determine the size and structure of populations
through time.

Front 93

What do biologists predict the future of a population?

Back 93

know how many individuals of each age are alive, how likely
individuals of different ages are to survive to the following year,
how many offspring are produced by females of different ages, and how many individuals of different ages immigrate and emigrate each generation

Front 94

What is a life table?

Back 94

summarizes the probability that an individual will survive and reproduce in
any given year over the course of its lifetime

Front 95

What is survivorship?

Back 95

survival to a particular age

Front 96

What is fecundity?

Back 96

# of female offosrping produced by a female in the population

Front 97

What is a cohort?

Back 97

group born at the same time

Front 98

What is survivorship?

Back 98

proportion of offspring that survive to a particular age on average

Front 99

What is the survivorship curve?

Back 99

To recognize general patterns in survivorship and make comparisons among populations or species, biologists plot the logarithm of the number of survivors versus age.

Front 100

What is life history?

Back 100

consists of how an individual allocates resources to growth, reproduction, and activities or structures that are related to survival.