Bio 301 Final Review

Front 1

T or F: Most bacteria found in nature cannot be grown in the laboratory.

Back 1

True

Front 2

Which of the following is NOT a scientific contribution attributed to Louis Pasteur?
a. The swan neck flask to debunk spontaneous generation
b. Helping local industry with biological issues
c. Advanced the field of vaccination.
d. First to associate a single microbe with a specific disease.

Back 2

D: First to associate a single microbe with a specific disease

Front 3

In bacteria, attachment is usually involves:
a. Capsules and pili
b. The outer and cytoplasmic membranes
c. Flagella and pili
d. Flagella and capsules

Back 3

A: Capsules and pili

Front 4

Explain why oxygen-containing atmospheres kill some bacteria.

Back 4

Oxygen can be converted into toxic compounds (superoxide and hydrogen peroxide for example). Bacteria that lack enzymes that can break down the toxic compounds can be killed by oxygen.

Front 5

Bacteria produce secondary metabolites mostly in this growth phase:
a. Lag
b. Log
c. Stationary
d. Death

Back 5

C: Stationary

Front 6

True or False: Properly used ionizing radiation is well suited for treating many foodstuffs to control microbial growth as it is effective and does not leave materials radioactive.

Back 6

True

Front 7

True or False: Coenzymes are most commonly metal ions.

Back 7

False

Front 8

Why does one reduce pyruvate or a derivative of pyruvate if one is fermenting?

Back 8

Electrons are from NADH regenerating NAD+ for more glycolysis

Front 9

Carotenoids are:
a. The primary pigments in photosynthesis that capture energy from sunlight
b. Accessory pigments that protect the photosystems in photosynthesis
c. Key components of the electron transport chain
d. Key to the function of the Calvin cycle

Back 9

B: Accessory pigments that protect the photosystems in photosynthesis

Front 10

The Calvin cycle is used to:
a. Build up organic compounds from carbon dioxide
b. Cycle the carbon skeletons of amino acids into different pathways
c. Cycle electrons from water to electron transport chains
d. Build up secondary metabolites during stationary phase

Back 10

A: Build up organic compounds from carbon dioxide

Front 11

A cell containing an F plasmid that has picked up some bacteria chromosome DNA is designated as:
a. F+
b. F´
c. Hfr
d. F-

Back 11

B: F´

Front 12

True or False: Electroporation is the use of a pulse of current to tear temporary holes in cells allowing uptake of DNA.

Back 12

True

Front 13

48. A cell containing no plasmid is best designated as:
a. F+
b. F´
c. Hfr
d. F-

Back 13

D: F-

Front 14

In this process DNA is injected into a cell by a phage capsid:
a. Conjugation b. Transformation c. Transduction d. Electroporation

Back 14

C: Transduction

Front 15

DNA entering a cell that does not have a replicon must undergo _________ to become part of the host cell genome and be passed on to daughter cells.
a. Recombination
b. Transformation
c. Transduction
d. Transposition

Back 15

A: Recombination

Front 16

Serology is based on:
a. Nucleic acid sequence information b. General appearance c. Biochemistry
d. Antibodies against specific antigens

Back 16

D: Antibodies against specific antigens

Front 17

Which of the following groups was probably first to dominate the planet Earth?
a. Chemotrophs
b. Aerobic chemoorganotrophs
c. Coliforms
d. Algae

Back 17

A: Chemotrophs

Front 18

Which of the following is about 30% of the bacteria found in human feces?
a. Bifidobacterium
b. Bacteroides
c. Helicobacter
d. Streptococcus
e. Lactobacillus

Back 18

B: Bacteroides

Front 19

To obtain health benefits from the probiotic bacteria in say probiotic yogurt all of the following are true, EXCEPT:
a. The yogurt cannot contain any added fruit b. The bacteria must be alive
c. You must consume a lot of the bacteria d. You must consume the bacteria on a regular basis

Back 19

A: The yogurt cannot contain any added fruit

Front 20

Agrobacterium strains containing a Ti plasmid are able to transfer DNA into certain plants. The transferred DNA results in all of the following, EXCEPT:
a. Formation of a gall
b. Increased nitrogen fixation
c. Production of a plant hormone
d. Synthesis by the plant of amino acids only the Agrobacterium can use

Back 20

B: Increased nitrogen fixation

Front 21

All of the following with respect to the bacterium that causes Q fever are true, EXCEPT:
a. It is probably the most infectious organism causing disease in humans.
b. It is a zoonosis usually infecting animals not humans.
c. It is one of the most lethal infectious agents affecting humans.
d. It is a major concern with respect to bioterrorism/biowarfare.

Back 21

C: It is one of the most lethal infectious agents affecting humans

Front 22

Which of the following groups was probably first to photosynthesize while producing oxygen as a waste product on the planet Earth?
a. Chemotrophs
b. Aerobic chemoorganotrophs
c. Anoxygenic phototrophs
d. Algae
e. Cyanobacterium

Back 22

E: Cyanobacterium

Front 23

Nucleic acid analysis of eukaryotic microbes found that:
a. Many groups, for example the algae, are not closely related
b. Eukaryotic microbes are closely related to bacteria not higher eukaryotes
c. Phylogeny developed by appearance, location, and biochemistry was accurate
d. Nucleic acid analysis was not a good way to establish phylogeny

Back 23

A: Many groups, for example the algae, are not closely related

Front 24

As a group protozoa are probably most noteworthy for:
a. Not causing any serious disease in humans
b. Being an important link in the food chain
c. Being important primary producers
d. Their ability to fix nitrogen

Back 24

B: Being an important link in the food chain

Front 25

Resistance to penicillin drugs is most commonly due to:
a. A mutation that blocks uptake of the penicillin into the cell.
b. Synthesis and secretion of an enzyme that cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillin.
c. Synthesis of peptidoglycan that is resistant to the action of penicillins.
d. Synthesis and secretion of an enzyme that methylates penicillins.

Back 25

B: Synthesis and secretion of an enzyme that cleaves the beta-lactam ring of penicillin

Front 26

A lamda phage present in the host cell genome prevents other lamda phage from infecting it’s host cell by production of a protein:
a. A restriction enzyme
b. The lamda repressor protein
c. The lamda recombinase protein
d. A modification enzyme

Back 26

B: The lamda repressor protein

Front 27

A lamda phage present in the host cell genome is able to “jump ship” and resume lytic growth when:
a. The host cell DNA is damaged the lamda repressor is destroyed by a protease.
b. The host cell quorum sensing system indicates many host cells are present.
c. Another phage infects the cell, as lamda is already present it wins and lyses the cell.
d. It’s host cell is growing at a high rate indicating there are host cells to infect.

Back 27

A: The host cell DNA is damaged and the lamda repressor is destroyed by a protease

Front 28

The best explanation for widespread antibiotic resistance where antibiotics are used is:
a. Many bugs are naturally resistant to antibiotics.
b. Relatively rare resistance genes are spread among bugs by horizontal gene transfer.
c. The use of antibiotics induces mutation to resistance.
d. A secret plot by drug companies to maximize profits.

Back 28

B: Relatively rare resistance genes are spread among bugs by horizontal gene transfer

Front 29

What are TWO different ways antibiotics can disrupt peptidoglycan synthesis in prokaryotes?

Back 29

Transport of precursors across the cytoplasmic membrane (bacitracin), interfere with synthesis of NAG-NAM chains (vancomycin), or interfere with the formation of the peptide side chains linking peptidoglycan strands (beta-lactam drugs).

Front 30

True or False: Restriction enzymes used to digest DNA in the lab are typically type II enzymes as in this type the restriction activity is on a separate protein from the modification activity

Back 30

True

Front 31

What is the name of the bacteria host cell containing the phage DNA within the host genome?

Back 31

Lysogen

Front 32

Prions infect humans via:
a. Consumption of spinal cord or brain matter from an infected animal
b. By inhalation
c. Infection by certain viruses that carry the protein
d. Only by misfolding of a person’s own proteins

Back 32

A: Consumption of spinal cord or brain matter from an infected animal

Front 33

True or False: Animal viruses infect cells by injecting their genome into the host cell leaving the capsid outside the cell.

Back 33

False

Front 34

How do complement proteins cause foreign cell lysis?

Back 34

Certain activated complement proteins can assemble into membrane attack complexes that create pores in target cell membranes.

Front 35

Toll-like receptors are triggered by all of the following compounds EXCEPT:
a. Peptidoglycan
b. Glycolysis enzymes
c. Lipopolysaccharide
d. Flagellin
e. Certain nucleotide sequences

Back 35

B: Glycolysis enzymes

Front 36

Interferon synthesis by a cell is best triggered by which of the following?
a. Long double-stranded RNA molecules
b. Inflammation lasting more than one day
c. Complement activation
d. Binding of a PAMP to a Toll-like receptor

Back 36

A: Long double-stranded RNA molecules

Front 37

Which of the following statements about B cells/antibody production is FALSE?
a. B cells of a given specificity initially have the potential to make more than one class of antibody.
b. In response to antigen, all B cells located close to the antigen begin dividing.
c. Each B cell is programmed to make a single specificity of antibody.
d. The B-cell receptor enables B cells to “sense” that antigen is present.
e. The cell type that makes and secretes antibody is called a plasma cell.

Back 37

B: In response to antigen, all B cells located close to the antigen begin dividing

Front 38

How do natural killer cells differ from cytotoxic T cells?

Back 38

NK cells recognize cells without MHC class I also mediate ADCC by recognizing Fc stems of bound antibodies, inducing apoptosis in said cells. Tc cells also induce apoptosis, but in cells with peptide epitopes presented with MHC I.

Front 39

Which of the following cell types actively secretes antibodies?
a. B cells
b. Cytotoxic T cells
c. Helper T cells
d. Plasma cells

Back 39

D: Plasma cells

Front 40

Which would be expected to be more effective against common childhood diseases, active or passive immunity? Why? Answer in terms of protection and cost effectiveness.

Back 40

Active immunity is much more effective, providing memory cells. Passive immunity last only as long as added antibodies and would be much more expensive in most if not all cases as antiserum must be collected.

Front 41

Which of the following would be MOST useful for screening thousands of patient samples for antibodies that indicate a certain disease?
a. Western blot
b. Fluorescent antibody
c. ELISA
d. All of the above

Back 41

C: ELISA

Front 42

True or False: An introduced antigen usually activates one group of naive B cells hence monoclonal antibodies result.

Back 42

False

Front 43

This is the fluid portion of the blood that remains after coagulation:
a. Serum
b. Antiserum
c. Plasma
d. Clostrum

Back 43

A: Serum

Front 44

A simple way to tell if a pathogen product is a virulence factor is to:
a. Determine if the product is produced in the host
b. Determine if the product is produced when signs of infection appear in the host
c. Determine that the product is not produced in nonpathogenic strains
d. Determine that antibodies against the product are protective to the host

Back 44

D: Determine that antibodies against the product are protective to the host

Front 45

The major difference between colonization by a microbe and infection by a microbe is that infection means:
a. Successful establishment of the microbe
b. Multiplication of the microbe
c. The microbe involved is a pathogen
d. The host displays symptoms

Back 45

C: The microbe involved is a pathogen

Front 46

Cytomegalovirus can evade the immune system by:
a. Producing a superantigen
b. Making a fake MHC I protein
c. Hiding out in macrophages
d. Producing a Fc receptor

Back 46

B: Making a fake MHC I protein

Front 47

Many exotoxins are A-B toxins what are the important features of A-B toxins?

Back 47

They have an A subunit and a B subunit linked by a disulfide bond, the B subunit provides for attachment and entry into cells, upon entry in a vacuole the A subunit is released and exerts toxic effects on the cells