Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
361 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
A substance made of only one type of atom is called a(n) _____________. |
Element |
|
Name the element represented by each chemical symbol: |
Fe = Iron |
|
The most abundant compound in the human body is___________. |
Water |
|
What three things are needed for a balanced chemical state of the body? |
Acids, bases, and buffers. |
|
What are the three regulatory systems of the body that control shifts in the pH of body fluids? |
Buffer, respiratory and renal systems. |
|
A ________ is regarded as a "chemical sponge". |
Buffer |
|
The smallest part of an *element* that still retains the properties of that element is a(n) ____________. |
Atom |
|
The kind of change that produces a new substance is a __________ change. |
Chemical |
|
The _________ is considered the basic unit of life. |
Cell |
|
What is the neutral pH? |
7 |
|
An increase in __________ ions makes a solution more acidic. |
Hydrogen (H+) |
|
What is the substance of all living material? |
Protoplasm |
|
Which organelle functions as the "protein factories" in the cell? |
Ribosomes |
|
Which organelle surrounds the cell and is semipermeable? |
Cell membrane |
|
Which organelle is the "mini circulatory system" of the cell that is a complex tunnel system? |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
|
Which organelle is the "packaging plant" of the cell that packages the substance and is exported from the cell? |
Golgi apparatus |
|
Which organelle is the "housekeeper" of the cell, releasing enzymes that destroy foreign material within the cell? |
Lysosome |
|
Which organelle acts as the "power plant" of the cell that is sausage shaped and where ATP (energy) is stored? |
Mitochondria |
|
The tiny, hair-like projections on the surface of the cell that aids in movement are ________. |
Cilia and flagella |
|
The "control center" of a cell; also the largest organelle that has a nuclear membrane, is semi-permeable, and where chromosomes are stored is _______. |
Nucleus |
|
The organelle that is the specialized region where RNA and ribosomes are temporarily stored is the _________. |
Nucleolus |
|
Is the elbow considered proximal or distal to the shoulder? |
Distal |
|
Three types of muscle tissues are: |
1. Smooth |
|
What part of the body is the thorax referring to? |
Chest |
|
Blood is what kind of tissue? |
Connective |
|
What kind of membrane lines all passageways to the A) outside of the body? B) closed structures of the body? |
A)Mucous |
|
Standing erect, arms at sides, palms facing forward and feet slightly apart means the patient is in ____________. |
Anatomical position |
|
Organize the following terms from the smallest to largest: |
molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organisms |
|
Which of the following is not an abdominal region? |
deltoid |
|
Which organ system allows you to grin, frown, run and carry books? |
Muscular system |
|
Which organ system breaks down ingested food into its building blocks? |
Digestive system |
|
Which organ system rids the body of nitrogen-containing wastes and regulates the composition of blood? |
Urinary system |
|
The balanced chemical state of the body is called ___________. |
Homeostasis |
|
The two fluid compartments of the body are: |
1. Intracellular |
|
Groups of cells with similar structure and functions are __________. |
Tissues |
|
Name the four tissue types. |
1) Epithelial |
|
The body is divided into two large cavities. They are: |
Dorsal and Ventral cavities |
|
Which body quadrant houses the appendix? |
Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ) |
|
What is the name of the plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts? |
Transverse |
|
The largest group of pathogens? |
Bacteria |
|
The smallest infectious agents that can't reproduce unless taken over by a living cell are called ___________. |
Viruses |
|
What is one of the bodies natural defense mechanisms against viral infections? |
Interferon |
|
What are the 6 classes of microorganisms? |
1) Protozoa |
|
What pH does bacteria grow best at? |
Neutral to slightly alkaline |
|
The average generation time for most bacteria is __________. |
30 minutes |
|
A structure in bacteria that is resistant to drying, boiling, and most chemicals is a ____________. |
Spore |
|
What is a poisonous substance produced by some forms of bacteria? |
Toxin |
|
Which classification do helminths come under? |
Metazoa |
|
Organisms that live within, upon, or at the expense of another living organism are called ________. |
Parasites |
|
An infection confined to one spot is referred to as a ___________ infection. |
Local |
|
A _______ infection is inactive or hidden and may show symptoms at a later date. |
Latent |
|
Heat is applied to an area of infection to _______ blood vessels and _______ blood supply to the area so healing can occur. |
Dilate; Increase |
|
The period of time between entrance of an organism to the body and the actual onset of symptoms is known as the ______________ stage. |
Incubation |
|
To stimulate the body's production of antibodies, it is necessary to introduce an ________. |
Antigen |
|
A person who has recovered from a disease, but continues to shed the pathogen is called a ______. |
Carrier |
|
A __________ infection is one which has been acquired in a hospital or other institution. |
Nosocomial |
|
What is the difference between an acute and chronic infection? |
Acute = short, severe course |
|
An infection that has spread throughout the body from an initial site is called a __________ infection. |
Systemic |
|
The type of immunity which is obtained when an individual receives a tetanus shot is called _____ ________ _______ immunity. |
Specific artificial active (immunity) |
|
What are the three layers of the skin? |
Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (SubQ) |
|
Which glands are called the *oil* producing glands? |
Sebaceous glands |
|
What substance provides the skin with its pigmentation? |
Melanin |
|
Cerumen (ear wax) is produced from which glands? Where is it found? |
Ceruminous glands; external ear |
|
The vitamin produced through the skin when exposed to sunlight is vitamin ____. |
D |
|
Which layer of skin is actually referred to as the "true skin"? |
Dermis |
|
The term ________ refers to redness of the skin |
Erythema |
|
Nerve endings are located in which layer of the skin? |
Dermis
|
|
The ends of the fingers and toes are protected from injury by an appendage of the skin known as the ________. |
Nails |
|
What substance provides energy for muscle contraction and is also stored in the muscle tissue? |
ATP |
|
The less movable end of a muscle is the ______. |
Origin |
|
The more movable end of a muscle is ________. |
Insertion |
|
The middle part of a muscle is called the ______. |
Body |
|
Which system exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air and the blood? |
Respiratory system |
|
Which system forms a framework with the movable joints that are moved by muscles? |
Skeletal System |
|
Which system transmits impulses to skeletal muscles to bring about contractions? |
Nervous system |
|
Which system transports oxygen to muscles and takes carbon dioxide away? |
Circulatory system |
|
Antagonistic muscles have _________ functions. |
Opposing |
|
Muscles are attached to bones by the structures called ________. |
Tendons |
|
Muscle tone is the state of _______ ________ that is usually present in healthy muscles. |
Partial contraction |
|
The neuromuscular junction is the junction of a _________ and a ________. |
Nerve and muscle |
|
What Elyte is essential for muscle contraction? |
Calcium (Ca) |
|
A sustained muscle contraction is called _____. |
Tetanic (tetany) |
|
the muscle action which bends a body part on itself is called ______. |
Flexion |
|
The muscle action which takes a part away from the body is called __________. |
Abduction |
|
The large muscle of the anterior thigh made up of 4 divisions is called the _______ ______. |
Quadriceps femoris |
|
The cells responsible for bone growth are called ___________. |
Osteoblasts |
|
The exterior covering of bones, except in joints is called __________. |
Periosteum |
|
Bones are attached to other bones by structures called ___________. |
Ligaments |
|
Bones contain ______ and ________ marrow. |
Yellow and red |
|
What are the five classifications of bones? |
1) Long |
|
The process of bone replacement of another tissue is called ___________. |
Ossification |
|
At birth, growth of the long bones is not complete. In these bones, what is the site in which growth will continue? |
Epiphysis |
|
What are the four substances necessary for healthy bone development? |
1) Calcium |
|
Name the two divisions of the human skeleton |
Axial and Apendicular |
|
What part of the skeleton protects the brain and spinal cord? |
Cranium & Vertebral column |
|
Which part of the skeleton protects the heart, lungs, spleen and liver from mechanical injury? |
thoracic cage |
|
What is the longest and strongest bone in the body? |
Femur |
|
What are the three bones of the middle ear? |
1) Malleus |
|
The lines of the skull are appropriately called _______. |
Suture lines |
|
Which type of joint is a freely movable joint? |
Diarthrosis |
|
What type of joint is found between the pelvis and the femur? |
Ball & Socket |
|
What type of joint is found between the two pubic bones? |
Amphiarthrosis |
|
the study of the digestive system is called _____________. |
Gastroenterology |
|
Another name for the gastrointestinal tract is the __________ canal. |
Alimentary |
|
Name the three accessory organs of the digestive system. |
Pancreas, liver and gallbladder |
|
Baby teeth are also known as ________ teeth. There are about _____ (#) of these. |
Deciduous; 20 |
|
The second set of teeth are called _______ teeth and there are usually ____ (#) of these. |
Permanent; 32 |
|
The hardest surface of the tooth is called the ________. |
Enamel |
|
What are the two types of digestion? |
Chemical and mechanical |
|
Name the three sets of salivary glands. |
1) Parotid |
|
The tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach which carries food is called the ________. |
Esophagus |
|
The ring-like muscles which allow food to enter the stomach also to leave the stomach after partial digestion are called the _____ and ______ sphincter, respectively. |
Cardiac; Pyloric |
|
______ are the folds in the stomach which allow for distention of the stomach when it's full. |
Rugae |
|
The _____ is the largest internal organ of the body and is located on the _____ side of the body. |
Liver; right |
|
An important substance manufactured by the liver and stored in the _______ is responsible for the digestion of fats. |
Gallbladder |
|
Bile leaves the *liver* through the _______ duct, which joins the _______ duct of the gall*bladder* to form the ______ ______ duct, which caries bile to the ____________ of the small intestine. *whew* |
Hepatic; cystic; common bile; duodenum |
|
The pancreas is located in the upper abdominal cavity between the _________ (liver) and the _______. |
Duodenum; spleen |
|
Wave-like contractions that move food along the digestive tract is called __________. |
Parastalsis |
|
The majority of digestion occurs in the ______ ____________. |
Small intestine |
|
What are the three sections of the small intestine? |
1)Duodenum |
|
the structures that increase the surface are of the *small intestine* for absorpbtion are called _______. |
Villi |
|
The absorption of vitamin ____ requires the _________ factor produced by the stomach lining. |
B-12; intrinsic |
|
Blood from the capillary networks in the small intestine travels through the portal vein to the ________ before returning to the heart |
Liver |
|
The large intestine is also called the _____. |
Colon |
|
the section of the large intestine that the appendix is attached to is the ______ and is the ______ section of the large intestine. |
Cecum; first |
|
The colon functions to absorb ___________, __________, and _______ ________ and for the elimination of __________. |
Water; Vitamins; mineral salts; waste |
|
Which vitamin is synthesized in the colon and aids in blood clotting? |
Vitamin K |
|
The stimulus for defecation is stretching of the __________ as parastalsis of the colon pushes feces into it. |
Rectum |
|
Voluntary control of defecation is provided by the _________ ____________, which contracts to close the anus. |
External sphincter |
|
Transportation of the blood carries ____ from the lungs to tissues, and ______ from tissues to lungs. |
Oxygen; Carbon dioxide |
|
Regulation of the blood maintains ______/______ balance and _______ |
Acid/base; temperature |
|
Protection of the blood incudes fighting __________. |
Infection |
|
the amount of blood within the body varies with size of the person; this amount is in the range of __.__ liters. |
5.6 |
|
The pH range of blood is slightly ______. |
Alkaline |
|
the oxygen carrying protein of RBC's is _________. |
Hemoglobin |
|
The mineral needed for chemical clotting is __________. |
Calcium |
|
The protein that helps maintain blood volume by pulling tissue fluid into capillaries is __________. |
Albumin |
|
Name the 5 types of WBC's |
1) Neutrophils |
|
Which two types of WBC's are agranulocytes? |
Lymphocytes and Monocytes |
|
WBC's function mainly to ______ ________. |
Destroy pathogens |
|
__________ are also called thrombocytes and are most important in blood clotting. |
Platelets |
|
The stimulus for the formation of a blood clot is a __________ platelet |
Ruptured |
|
The common blood type is ___, with a ____ Rh factor. |
O; positive (+) |
|
What type blood is the universal donor? |
O negative |
|
What type blood is the universal recipient? |
AB Positive |
|
The normal value of RBC's is? |
4,500,000- 5,000,000 |
|
The normal value for WBC's is? |
5,000-10,000 |
|
The normal value for Hgb (hemoglobin) is what percentage? |
12-18% |
|
The normal value for Hct (hematocrit) is what percentage? |
38-50% |
|
the normal value for platelets is? |
200,000 - 400,000 |
|
The life span of RBC's is ______ days while the lifespan of WBC's is ___________. |
120; hours - a lifetime |
|
The major regulating factor for RBC production is the amount of ______ in the blood. |
Oxygen |
|
The heart is about the size of a ______ ______ and is located in an area between the lungs known as the ___________. |
Man's fist; mediastinum |
|
What are the 3 layers of the heart? |
1) Pericardium |
|
What layer of the heart is the muscle layer? |
Myocardium |
|
Which layer of the heart makes up the valces and inner lining of the heart? |
Endocardium |
|
What are the 4 chambers of the heart? |
1) Right Atrium |
|
What is the dividing wall of the heart called? |
Septum |
|
Which chamber receives venous blood returning from all areas of the body? |
Right Atrium |
|
What is the semi-lunar valve located between the left ventricle and the aorta? |
Aortic valve |
|
Normal heart sounds are described as _____ and _____ and are related to the _______ and _________ of the valves. |
lubb; dupp; opening; closing |
|
Oxygen enriched blood from the lungs via the pulmonary vein empties into the________ ________. |
Left atrium |
|
The ________ valve, also called the bicuspid valve, prevent blood from flowing back into the left atrium. |
Mitral |
|
Which chamber of the heart pumps blood to the entire body and is known as the thickest walled chamber of the heart? |
Left ventricle |
|
The largest artery of the body is the ________. |
Aorta |
|
The heart muscle receives the richest supply of the blood via the _________ arteries. |
Coronary |
|
The smallest arteries are called __________. |
Arterioles |
|
The smallest veins are called __________. |
Venules |
|
Arterioles and venules are connected by _________ which are one cell layer thick. |
Capillaries |
|
The ________ have one-way valves, which control the flow of blood back to the heart. |
Veins |
|
The pacemaker of the heart is the ___ _____. |
SA node |
|
What parts of the electrical system stimulates the ventricles to contract? |
1) Purkinje fibers |
|
the cardiac cycle is the term for the sequence of events in one __________. |
Complete heartbeat |
|
The cardiac centers are located in the ________ of the brain. |
Medulla |
|
the outermost of the pericardial membranes is the ___________ _____________ |
Parietal pericardium |
|
What are the 4 tissues of the lymphatic system within the circulatory system? |
1) Spleen |
|
The spleen is not _______ for life. |
Essential |
|
The thymus gland, which is not usually visible after puberty, is thought to produce __ ____ which are important in the immune response of the body. |
T cells |
|
Which vein is usually used for coronary artery bypass grafts? |
Saphenous |
|
Which two directions of blood flow are there? |
Systole and Diastole |
|
The exchange of gases between the living organism and its environment is called ________. |
Respiration |
|
__________ respiration is when the diaphragm and intercostals contract, causing the lungs to inflate. |
Active respiration |
|
__________ respiration is when the diaphragm and intercostals relax, causing the lungs to be compressed. |
Inactive respiration |
|
The working unit of the respiratory system is the ___________. |
Alveoli |
|
The area at which the bronchi enter the lungs is the ______. |
Hilum or hilus |
|
Which bronchus is more vertical than the other? |
Right bronchus |
|
The structure in the trachea which prevents food from entering the respiratory tract is called the _______. |
Epiglottis |
|
The membrane that covers the lungs is the _________. |
Pleura |
|
Pleura is considered a __________ membrane. |
Serous |
|
The lungs lie in the _________ cavity and are protected by the ________. |
Thoracic; ribs |
|
The space between the lungs is called the __________. |
Mediastinum |
|
Surfactant prevents the alveoli from ________. |
Collapsing |
|
the respiratory centers are located in the brain, in the __________ and _______. |
Medulla; pons |
|
The nerve that controls the diaphragm is the _______ nerve. |
Phrenic |
|
the two respiratory gases are ______ and _____ _______. |
Oxygen and carbon dioxide |
|
A deep breath requires a more forceful ___________ of muscles, which in turn would bring about greater expansion of the _______. |
Contraction; lungs |
|
The normal rate of respirations ranges from _____ to _____/minute |
12-20 |
|
Two mechanisms the body has to remove irritating/foreign materials from the respiratory system are the _______ and the ________. |
Cough; sneeze |
|
The respiratory tract is lined with _______ membrane. |
Mucous |
|
The trachea is kept open by __-shaped rings numbered ___-____. |
C; 15-20 |
|
Which lung has 3 lobes? |
Right |
|
The CNS consists of the ______ and ______ _______. |
Brain; spinal cord |
|
The PNS consists of the __________ nerves and the __________ nerves. |
Cranial; spinal |
|
The ANS is part of the ______. |
PNS |
|
The term that means "nerve cell" is ________. |
Neuron |
|
A deep breath requires a more forceful ___________ of muscles, which in turn would bring about greater expansion of the _______. |
Contraction; lungs |
|
The normal rate of respirations ranges from _____ to _____/minute |
12-20 |
|
Two mechanisms the body has to remove irritating/foreign materials from the respiratory system are the _______ and the ________. |
Cough; sneeze |
|
The respiratory tract is lined with _______ membrane. |
Mucous |
|
The trachea is kept open by __-shaped rings numbered ___-____. |
C; 15-20 |
|
Which lung has 3 lobes? |
Right |
|
The CNS consists of the ______ and ______ _______. |
Brain; spinal cord |
|
The PNS consists of the __________ nerves and the __________ nerves. |
Cranial; spinal |
|
The ANS is part of the ______. |
PNS |
|
The term that means "nerve cell" is ________. |
Neuron |
|
What are the 3 major parts of a neuron? |
1) Cell body |
|
_______ carries impulses *away* from the cell body |
Axons |
|
____ _____ contains the nucleus of the neuron. |
Cell body |
|
______ carries impulses toward the cell body. |
Dendrites |
|
The space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of the cell body of the next neuron is called the __________. |
Synapse |
|
the myelin sheath functions to speed impulse ________ and ________. |
Conduction; insulate |
|
The neurilemma permits ________ of damaged axons of the PNS. |
Regeneration |
|
The most common neurotransmitter is __________ and it is released by synaptic knobs in order to carry nerve ______. |
Acetylcholine; impulses |
|
A reflex arc is the __________ form of a neural response. |
Simplest |
|
What Elyte is important in nerve transmission? |
Calcium |
|
What vitamin is necessary for healthy nerve function? |
B |
|
The gray matter on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres is called the ________ ________, and is made of the ______ bodies of the neurons. |
Cerebral cortex; cell |
|
What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex? |
1) Frontal |
|
The tunnel through the midbrain called the ________ __________ connets the third to the fourth ventricle. |
Cerebral aquaduct |
|
The coverings of the brain and spinal cord are called the __________. |
Meninges |
|
What are the three layers of the meninges from outermost to innermost? |
1) Dura Mater |
|
CSF is stored in the _______ of the brain and found in the __________ space around the spinal cord. |
Ventricles; Subarachnoid |
|
CSF acts as a ______ absorber and provides __________. |
Shock; nutrients |
|
There are _____ cranial nerves and _______ pair of spinal nerves. |
12; 31 |
|
Vision = __________ CN |
Optic |
|
Hearing = ___________ CN |
Vestibulocochlear |
|
Taste = ________ and __________ CN |
Facial and glossopharyngeal |
|
Smell = ___________ CN |
Olfactory |
|
Equilibrium = ____________ CN |
Vestibulocochlear |
|
Secretion of saliva = __________ and ___________ CN |
Facial and glossopharyngeal |
|
What are the two divisions of the ANS? |
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
|
Which ANS division dominates in ER situations? |
Sympathetic |
|
What are the 5 special senses? |
1) Taste |
|
Which part of the eye contains the receptors for the sense of vision? |
Retina |
|
The receptors for hearing and equilibrium are located in the ________ ________. |
Inner ear |
|
Bacterial growth on the front of the eyeball is inhibited by __________ (enzyme). |
Lysozyme |
|
The shape of the lens of the eye is changed by the ________ ________. |
Ciliary body |
|
the receptors that detect movement of the body are located in the _____________ ___________. |
Semicircular canals |
|
Visual receptors that detect color are __________. |
Cones |
|
Keeping dust off the front of the eyeball is a function of the _______, ________, and _______. |
Tears, eyelids, and eyelashes |
|
What are the 3 layers of the eye, from outer to inner? |
1) Sclera |
|
__________ humor is found in the anterior cavity of the eye. |
Aqueous |
|
________ humor is found in the posterior cavity of the eye. |
Vitreous |
|
An infection which spreads from the throat through the eustachian tube affects the ________ ear. |
Middle |
|
The __________ nerve tires quickly and becomes insensitive after detecting the same odor for a period of time. |
Olfactory |
|
When an image is focused in front of the retina, this is called ________. |
Myopia |
|
The outermost part of the ear which functions to gather sound waves and direct them inward is called the ______. |
Pinna |
|
The secretion produced by the glands in the ear canal is called ___________. |
Cerumen |
|
__________ is opaqueness of the lens of the eye, causing cloudy vision. |
Cataracts |
|
A type of deafness that is a result of any condition which blocks sound from the inner ear is __________ deafness. |
Conduction |
|
What is the condition that is a result of abnormally high intraocular pressure caused by excess fluid in the eye? |
Glaucoma |
|
What are the major organs of the urinary system? |
1) Kidneys |
|
the kidneys from urine from blood plasma and excrete ____________ waste, such as urea. |
Nitrogenous |
|
The kidneys regulate the pH of the blood by excreting or conserving ions such as ________ and ___________. |
Sodium; potassium |
|
The kidneys are located on either side of the ______ column in the upper abdominal cavity, _______ the peritoneum. |
Spinal; behind |
|
Surrounding the kidney is ______ tissue that acts as a cushion. |
Adipose |
|
The _______ is the fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the adipose tissue and helps hold the kidneys in place. |
Capsule |
|
The functional units of the kidneys are ______. |
Nephrons |
|
Each nephron consists of the ___________ and the ___________'s ___________. |
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule |
|
Blood enters the glomerulus from an __________ arteriole and leaves the glomerulus by way of an ___________ arteriole. |
afferent; efferent |
|
the fluid that enters the Bowman's capsule from the glomerulus is called ________ filtrate. |
Renal |
|
The blood vessels that surround all the parts of a renal tubule are called the ________________ capillaries, and carry blood that has come from an __________ arteriole. |
Peritubular; efferent |
|
The renal artery is a branch of the ______ (artery). |
Aorta |
|
The renal vein takes blood to the ____________. |
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) |
|
In glomerular filtration, blood pressure forces plasma, dissolved substances, and small proteins out of the _____________ and into the ________'s __________. |
Glomerulus; Bowman's capsule |
|
The components of blood that remain in the blood of the peritubular capillaries are ______, ______, and ________ because they are too _____ to be forced out of the glomerulus. |
RBC's, WBC's, and proteins; large |
|
If blood flow through the kidneys decreases, the GFR will _________. |
decrease |
|
If the blood flow through the kidneys increases, the GFR will ___________. |
Increase |
|
How much of the renal filtrate is reabsorbed back into the blood? (percentage) |
99% |
|
If the blood glucose level is normal, ______ of the glucose present in the filtrate will be reabsorbed. |
All |
|
the kidneys secrete the enzyme renin when the blood pressure ____________. |
Decreases |
|
The kidneys secrete the hormone _______________ when the body is in a state of hypoxia, which means there is a lack of ________ in the tissue. |
Erythropoietin; oxygen |
|
Erythropoietin stimultes bone ________ to increase the rate of production of __________'s to increase the oxygen-carrying capactiy of the blood. |
Marrow; RBC's |
|
The two ureters are located ________ the peritoneum of the dorsal abdominal cavity. Each extends from the _______ of a kidney to the ____________ side of the bladder. |
Behind; hilum; posterior |
|
____________ of the ureter propels urine to the bladder. |
Peristalsis |
|
The urinary bladder is located behind the _____ bones. In men, the bladder is superior to the ________ gland. In women, the bladder is inferior to the _______. |
Pubic; prostate; uterus |
|
The functions of the urinary bladder are to serve as a ______ for accumulating urine and contract to ________ urine. |
Reservoir; eliminate |
|
When the bladder is empty, the mucosa has folds called __________. |
Rugae |
|
The urethra carries urine from the ___________ to the __________. |
Bladder; outside |
|
In women, the urethra is __________ to the vagina. |
Anterior |
|
In men, the urethra extends through the ________ gland and the ________ carries ______ as well as urine. |
Prostate; penis; sperm |
|
The normal range of urinary output in 24 hours is ________-______ mL. |
1000-1500 mL |
|
Urine is usually ______ (clear or cloudy) |
Clear |
|
Urine with a specified gravity of 1.023 is more _____________ (dilute, concentrated) than urine with a specific gravity of 1.015 |
Concentrated |
|
The average pH of urine is ____, but a pH range of _____ to ______ is considered normal. |
6; 4.8-8.0 |
|
Ranal calculi is also known as ________. |
Stones |
|
Urea is a nitrogenous waste that comes from the metabolism of ________. |
Protein |
|
The secretions of endocrine glands are called ________, which enter capillaries and circulate in the ________. |
Hormones; blood |
|
The organ on which the above secretions exert their specific effects are calls its _______ organ. |
Target |
|
Hormones are classified in two major groups based on their chemical structure. These groups are _______ and _______. |
Steroids and proteins |
|
The pituitary gland is enclosed and protected by the ______ bone. |
Sphenoid |
|
The pineal and pituitary gland are in the __________ *cavity* |
Cranial |
|
The thyroid gland is on the anterior side of the trachea, just below the ___________. |
Larynx |
|
The parathyroids are located on the posterior sides of the lobes of the __________. |
Thyroid |
|
The pancreas is located in the upper abdominal cavity between the _____ and the ________ |
Liver and spleen |
|
The adrenal glands are located on top of the _______. |
Kidneys |
|
the ovaries are located in the pelvic cavity on either side of the ______. |
Uterus |
|
The testes are located outside the abdominal cavity in the __________. |
Scrotum |
|
The two parts of the pituitary gland are the __________ and the __________. |
Anterior and Posterior |
|
The posterior pituitary gland stores two hormones, that are actually produced by the _____________. |
Hypothalamus |
|
The function of ADH (Antidiuretic Hormone) is to _________ reabsorption of ___ by the kidneys. |
Increase; water |
|
The target organs for oxytocin are the ________ and ________. |
Uterus; breasts |
|
Thyroid stimulating hormone stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete _____________ and ____________. |
Calcitonin and thyroxine |
|
FSH stimulates the development of the ________ in the ovarian follicles and increases the secretion of the hormone ________ by the follicle cells. |
Ovum (Ova, egg); estrogen |
|
Both FSH and LH have their effects on the ovaries or testes and may therefore be called ____________ hormones. |
Gonadotropin |
|
The mineral necessary for the manufacture of T3 is ___________. |
Iodine |
|
Cacitonin decreases the reabsorption of ________ from bones. |
Calcium |
|
Parathormone is secreted by the ______________ and increases the reabsorption of __________ from bones to the blood. |
Parathyroid; calcium |
|
___________ causes the liver to convert stored glycogen to glucose to be used for energy production. |
Glucagon |
|
Insulin enables other body cells to take in _____ from the blood to use for energy production. |
Glucose |
|
The two parts of the adrenal gland are the _______ and __________. |
Medulla and cortex |
|
The adrenal _____ secretes a group of hormones called mineralocorticoids, of which _________ is the most important for regulating fluid. |
Cortex; aldosterone |
|
The hormones of the adrenal medulla are __________ and ____________. |
Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
|
Epinephrine ________ heart rate, and ______ the metabolic rate of the intestine. |
Increase; decrease |
|
Estrogen promotes maturation of the _____ in an ovarian follicle. |
Ovum (ova, egg) |
|
___________ promotes the development of the male secondary sex characteristics, which include the broadening of shoulders, narrow ______, maturation of __________, deeper voice, pubic and axillary hair. |
Testosterone; hips; sperm |
|
Meiosis is the cell division process that produces gametes, which are _______ and __________. |
Sperm and egg |
|
When meiosis takes places in the ovaries, the process is called ___________. |
Oogenesis |
|
When meiosis takes place in the testes, the process is called ______. |
Spermatogenesis |
|
The ovaries produce an egg every ___ days. |
28 |
|
The testes are suspended outside the abdominal cavity within the ________. |
Scrotum |
|
Which hormone is responsible for the production of sperm and secondary sex characteristics? |
Testosterone |
|
Each sex cell contains ____ chromosomes. |
23 |
|
The epididymis is a coiled tube on the _____ side of the testis. |
Posterior |
|
The vas deferens carry sperm from the ________ to the ________ duct |
epididymis; ejaculatory |
|
The ejaculatory duct receives sperm from the ____ _______ and the secretion of the seminal vesicles empties into the __________. |
Vas deferens; urethra |
|
The secretions of the seminal vesicles has an _______ pH to enhance sperm motility and contains _______ to nourish the sperm. |
Alkaline; fructose |
|
Sperm is produced in the ______________ tubules. |
Seminiferous |
|
the prostate gland surrounds the ________ just below the ___________. |
Urethra; urinary bladder |
|
The bulbourethral glands are also called the ________ glands. |
Cowper's |
|
the average pH of sperm is ______. |
7.5 |
|
A __________ _________ is a surgical procedure performed on a female as the most effective form of birth control, in which her fallopian tubes are cut and tied. |
Tubal ligation |
|
A __________ is a surgical procedure performed on a male as the most effective form of birth control, in which his vas deferens would be severed. |
Vasectomy |
|
the hormone LH causes the ruptured follicle to become the __________ __________, which then begins to secrete the hormone _______ as well as estrogen. |
Corpus luteus; progesterone |
|
The fallopian tubes are also called the ______ tubes |
Uterine |
|
The body above the uterus is called the _______, and under is _________. |
Fundus; Cervix |
|
The smooth muscle layer of the uterus is called the __________. |
Myometrium |
|
The lining of the uterus is called the __________. |
Endometrium |
|
Which layer is shed during menstruation? |
Endometrium |
|
Which hormone stimulates contraction of the myometrium during labor? |
Oxytocin |
|
the hormone responsible for the *release* of milk from the mammary glands is ________ from the __________ gland |
Oxytocin; (posterior) pituitary |
|
The mentrual cycle requires hormones from the ________ pituitary and ovaries and involves changes in the ______ and the ovary. |
Anterior; uterus |
|
What are the 3 phases of the mentrual cycle? |
1) Menstrual |
|
If the ovum is not fertilized, a decrease in the hormone __________ causes the loss of the functional layer of the endometrium, and the cycle begins again with the _______ phase. |
Progesterone; menstrual |
|
______ is an inflammation of the fallopian tubes |
Salpingitis |
|
Painful or difficult menstruation is called ________. |
Dysmenorrhea |
|
The beginning of menstruation is the term ________. |
Menarche |
|
the vagina is lined with ______ membrane. |
Mucous |
|
Females reach puberty between the ages of ____-____. |
10-14 |
|
The ovaries are connected to the uterus by ______. |
Ligaments |
|
Order of food through alimentary canal |
Mouth Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Duodenum Jejunum Ileum Large intestine Cecum Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon Sigmoid colon Rectum Anus |