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184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in: a. algae b. protozoa c. fungi d. both b and c |
b. protozoa |
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Features of the nuclear envelope include: a. ribosomes b. a double membrane structure c. pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm d. b and c e. all of the above |
d. or e. |
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The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes? a. fungi b. algae c. protozoa d. a and b |
d. |
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Yeasts are ____ fungi, and molds are ______fungi. a. macroscopic; microscopic b. unicellular; filamentous c. motile; nonmotile d. water; terrestrial |
b. |
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Algae generally contain some type of: a. spore b. chlorophyll c. locomotor organelle d. toxin |
b. |
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almost all protozoa have a: a. locomotor organelle b. cyst stage c. pellicle d. trophozoite stage |
d. trophozoite stage |
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all mature sporozoa are: a. parasitic b. nonmotile c. carried by vectors d. both a and b |
d. |
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parasitic helminths reproduce with: a. spores b. eggs and sperm c. mitosis d. cysts e. all of the above |
b. |
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mitochondria likely originated from: a. archae b. invaginations of the cell membrane c. bacteria d. chloroplasts |
c.
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most helminth infections: a. are localized to one site in the body b. spread through major systems of the body c. develop within the spleen d. develop within the liver |
a. |
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True or False: Prokaryotes and eukaryotes arose from the same kind of primordial cell. |
true |
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True or false: hyphae that are divided into compartments by cross walls are called septet hyphae |
true |
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True or false: the infective stage of a protozoan is the trophozoite |
False: both trophozoite and cyst stage can be infective |
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True or false: fungi generally derive nutrients through photosynthesis |
False: in humans, fungi can infect skin, lungs and other areas. |
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What organisms typically have cell walls?? Select all that apply: a. animal b. fungi c. protozoa d. algae e. plants |
b, c, d, e. |
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What statement best describes the role of mitochondria? a. contain enzymes to digest macromolecules b. provide cell with energy through cellular respiration c. controls transport of materials in and out of the cell d. stores genetic information of the cell e. assemble amino acids into polypeptides |
b. provide cell with energy through cellular respiration |
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What is heterotrophic? |
Acquisition of nutrients from organic materials |
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What is a Saprobe? |
Organism that obtains nutrients from the remnants of dead plants and animals |
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Select that statement that best describes the role of protozoan cysts. a.Protozoan cysts are a reproductive stage. b.Protozoan cysts are necessary for the infection of intermediate hosts while the trophozoites are the stage that infects definitive hosts. c.Protozoan cysts are a survival form which allows them to survive adverse environmental conditions between hosts. d.Protozoan cysts are the active, growing stage of the organism. |
c. survival form to survive adverse environments |
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Cilia are similar in structure to flagella and are commonly found on which microbial cells? a.Bacteria b.Archaea c.Fungi d.Protozoans |
d. protozoans |
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Which structure, found in most eukaryotes and often called an "extracellular matrix", can be used for attachment? a.Cell wall b.Glycocalyx c.Cilia d.Centriole |
b. glycocalyx |
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In contrast to bacterial cell walls that contain peptidoglycan, eukaryotic cell walls may constructed mainly of which molecules? a.Amino acids and glycogen b.Lipids and sucrose c.Ribonucleic acids and proteins d.Chitin and cellulose |
d. chitin and cellulose |
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In both eukaryotes and bacterial cells, ribosomes are responsible for the synthesis of: a.carbohydrates b.proteins c.lipids d.nucleic acids |
b. proteins |
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Chloroplasts are the site of which process in eukaryotic cells? a.Photosynthesis b.Anaerobic respiration c.Lipid synthesis d.tRNA production |
a. photosynthesis |
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True or False: All microbes that are unicellular, photosynthetic, and motile are classified as protozoans. |
False? |
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The two major types of helminths based on body type are the _____, which include the tapeworms, and the _____, which are also known as nematodes. a.roundworms; flatworms b.flatworms; flagellates c.roundworms; spirochetes d.flatworms; roundworms |
d. flatworms; roundworms |
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Select characteristics exhibited by endotoxins, but not exhibited by exotoxins. a.Composed of lipopolysaccharide b.Require very small doses to cause toxic effects c.Secreted from a living cell d.Heat-stable e. Have very specific targets f.Fever-inducing |
a. LPS d. heat stable f. fever-inducing |
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Please choose the best definition of virulence factors. a.Factors that enable a microorganism to be resistant to antimicrobial medications. b.Characteristics of a microorganism, such as its gram stain morphology, type of media it grows on, and colony morphology. c.The site within a host in which a microorganism resides and causes disease. d.Characteristics of a microorganism that enable it to establish infection and cause disease. e.The natural habitat of the microorganism or the source from which a host can become infected. |
d. characteristics of a microorg. that enable it to establish infection and cause disease |
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True or False: An infectious agent cannot be transmitted from a patient during the convalescent period. |
False: they continue to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others. |
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True or false: Reservoirs are always humans or other animals. |
False: they thrive in soil and water and often find their way into the air. |
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Select the patterns of indirect (vehicle) transmission of infectious disease. a.food, water b.kissing, touching c.fomites d.mother to fetus (vertical) e.vector f. droplet g.air |
a. food, water c. fomites (inanimate objects) f. droplet g. air |
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Both flagella and cilia are found primarily in: a. algae b. protozoa c. fungi d. both b and c |
b. protozoa |
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Features of the nuclear envelope include: a. ribosomes b. a double membrane structure c. pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm d. b and c e. all of these |
e.all of these |
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The cell wall is found in which eukaryotes? a. fungi b. algae c. protozoa d. a and b |
d. a and b |
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Yeasts are _____ fungi, and molds are ______ fungi. a. macroscopic; microscopic b. unicellular; filamentous c. motile; nonmotile d. water; terrestrial |
b. unicellular; filamentous |
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Algae generally contains some type of: a. spore b. chlorophyll c. locomotor organelle d. toxin |
b. chlorophyll |
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Almost all protozoa have a: a. locomotor organelle b. cyst stage c. pellicle d. trophozoite stage |
d. trophozoite stage |
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All mature sporozoa are: a. parasitic b. nonmotile c. carried by vectors d. both a and b |
d. both a and b |
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Parasitic helminths reproduce with: a. spores b. eggs and sperm c. mitosis d. cysts e. al of these |
b. eggs and sperm |
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Mitochondria likely originated from: a. archae b. invaginations of the cell membrane c. bacteria d. chloroplasts |
c. bacteria |
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Most helminth infections: a. are localized to one site of the body b. spread through major systems of the body c. develop within the spleen d. develop within the liver |
a. localized in one site |
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True or false: prokaryotes and eukaryotes arose from the same kind of primordial cell |
True |
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True or false: the infective stage of a protozoan is the trophozoite stage. |
False: both the trophozoite and cyst stage can be infective |
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True or false: in humans, fungi can only infect the skin. |
False: can infect skin, mucus membranes, lungs and other areas |
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True or false: fungi generally derive nutrients through photosynthesis. |
False: fungi get nutrients from digesting organic substances. |
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What is endosymbiosis? |
relationship in which a microorg resides within a host cell and provides a benefit to the host cell. |
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Where is the genome of a eukaryote located? a. mitochondria b. nucleolus c. nucleus d. endoplasmic reticulum |
c. nucleus
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True or false: the nucleus contains the nucleolus which is the site for ribosome synthesis. |
True |
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum? |
internal network of the membranous passageways extending throughout the cell |
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What is the golgi apparatus? |
a packaging center "post office" that receives materials from the ER and then forms vesicles around them for storage or for transport to the cell membrane for secretion |
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what is the mitochondria? |
generates energy in the form of ATP to be used for cellular activities |
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What are the internal structures of eukaryotic cells? |
Nucleus, ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria |
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Are bacteria eukaryotic or prokaryotic? |
prokaryotic |
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What is a glycocalyx?? |
The outermost boundary of MOST eukaryotic cells. It functions to: protect, adhere, and receive chemical signals from the enviro or other orgs. |
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Where does ribosome synthesis occur? |
nucleolus |
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What is toxigenicity? |
ability to produce a toxin |
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Why make a toxin? |
To get past our defensive barriers (damage epithelial lining) |
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What is toxinoses? |
a variety of diseases caused by toxigenicity |
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What is toxemias? |
toxinoses in which the toxin is spread by the blood from the site of infection (tetanus, diptheria) |
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Intoxications: |
toxinoses caused by ingestion of toxins (botulism). Toxinsare stable and potent and if we ingest them they will cause damage to ourneurons. It can also infect wounds (living on our skin). |
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What is the difference btwn an exotoxin and an endotoxin? |
Exotoxin:are secreted and are usually proteins that can travel through blood system andcause damage to tissues.- easy to make a vaccine towards these b/c of the smallproteins. Endotoxin:is accidental, not going to cause tissue damage. Gram – bacteria will die andlyse and bits of them will disperse into blood and around tissues. A key pieceis a lipopolysaccharide layer. Our body has an immune reaction to the LPS- ourresponse is fever, shock, malaise, aches.Endotoxinsare not destructive molecules. Our immune system just over reacts to it. Can’timmunize against it b/c we can’t denature it to make a vaccine. |
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What is a GI toxin that we've covered? |
Cholera vibrio toxin: Diarrheathat can cause death. Proteinthat the cells are producing and causes the distruction in our system. |
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True or false: fungi are sexual and asexual |
true |
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What is an opportunistic pathogen? |
A pathogen that causes disease in compromised hosts |
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What typically carry the toxic gene? |
A bacteriophage (virus) |
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Can you vaccinate against an endotoxin (LPS)? |
No, not able to vaccinate against LPS b/c we can't convert it to a toxin to vaccinate against |
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What is the difference btwn horizontal transmission and vertical transmission? |
horizontal transmission is when you get it from someone else either by direct contact or indirect contact (air, doorknob, food) vertical transmission is the spread from mother to baby. |
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What is a biological vector? |
A mosquito. If it bites you it can transmit the disease to you through the saliva |
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What is a fomites? |
an inanimate object (doorknob) |
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What is the difference btwn a biological vector and a mechanical vector? |
A biological vector is infected and transmits it when it bites, a mechanical vector is physically carrying the pathogen externally (on their feet) and transmits the pathogen when it lands |
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What is zoonosis? |
aninfection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans |
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What is a Reservoir of a pathogen? |
the primary habitat in the natural world from which a pathogen originates |
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What is the Source of a pathogen? |
the individual or object from which an infection is actually acquired- person carrying pathogen and can spread it to others |
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What is a asymptomatic carrier of a pathogen? |
Someone that doesn't know they have the pathogen- doesn't show any symptoms- dangerous b/c they don't know they are infected - won't get sick |
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What is an incubation carrier? |
someone that hasn’t experienced disease state yet, taking a long time for pathogen to causea disease state. – they will eventually get sick. -HIV |
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What is a convalescent carrier? |
someonerecovered from disease, but still infected with it – diphtheria |
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What is a chronic carrier? |
anextension of a convalescent carrier (longer term)- suffered infection, passeddisease state, but can shed pathogen for extended time (months or years) -Mono |
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What is a passive carrier? |
mechanicaltransmission – a nurse can pick up an infectious agent (on hands) and carriesit to another pt. (hand washing can stop this transmission) |
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The best descriptive term for the resident biota is: a. commensals b. parasites c. pathogens d. mutualists |
a. commensals |
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Resident biota is absent from the: a. pharynx b. heart c. intestine d. hair follicles |
b. heart |
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Virulence factors include: a. toxins b. enzymes c. capsules d. all of these |
d. all of these |
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The specific action of hemolysis is to: a. damage WBC b. cause fever c. damage RBC d. cause leukocytosis |
c. damage RBC |
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The ____ is the time that lapses btwn encounter with a pathogen and the first symptom: a. prodrome b. period of invasion c. period of convalescence d. period of incubation |
d. period of incubation |
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A short period early in a disease that may manifest with general malaise and ashiness is the: a. period of incubation b. prodrome c. sequela d. period of invasion |
b. prodrome |
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A/an _____ is a passive animal transporter of pathogens: a. zoonosis b. biological vector c. mechanical vector d. asymptomatic carrier |
c. mechanical vector |
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An example of noncommunicable infection is: a. measles b. leprosy c. TB d. tetanus |
d. tetanus |
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A positive antibody test for HIV would be a ____ of infection: a. sign b. symptom c. syndrome d. sequela |
a. sign |
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An outbreak caused by a batch of bad potato salad at a picnic is a _____ outbreak: a. point-source b. common-source c. propagated d. all of the above |
a. point-source |
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True or false: the presence of a few bacteria in the blood is called septicaemia. |
False: this would be called bacteremia |
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True or false: resident microbiota is commonly found in the urethra. |
True |
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True or false: a subclinical infection is one that is acquired in a hospital or medical facility. |
False: this would be a nosocomial infection |
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True or false: the general term that describes an increase in the # of WBCs is leukopenia |
False: leukopenia is a decrease in WBCs |
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True or false: the index case is the first case found in an epidemiological investigation. |
True |
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What are: highly divers, single-cell. Don’t causedisease. Found everywhere. |
Protozoa |
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What is Parasitology? |
the study of eukaryotes and their ability to cause disease. |
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Why are there so few antibiotics available against eukaryotic infections? |
b/c of verylittle selective toxicity – humans are also eukaryotes so our cells are verysimilar |
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What are the 3 types of eukaryotic microbes? |
fungi, helminths, protists |
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How are eukaryotes different than prokaryote cells? |
Eukaryotes are bigger, contain a nucleus and organelles |
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What organelles are found in only some eukaryotes? |
Chloroplasts, centrioles, cell wall, glycocalyx, flagellum |
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What is the difference btwn eukaryotic flagella and cilia? |
Flagella: used for locomotion and has multiple filaments contained in a membrane Cilia: shorter, more numerous, and can also function for feeding of filtering. |
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What are prokaryotic cell walls made of? |
peptidoglycan |
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What are eukaryotic cell walls made of? |
chitin and silica |
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Why is cholesterol a key component for cell membranes? |
It keeps the cell membrane fluid and at the same temp as our bodies |
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Mitochondrial disease: How do mitochondria reproduce? |
Asexually. This allows for many mutations. Weinherit mitochondria from our mother. If mother is carrying mutatedmitochondria all children will be affected. If father has mitochondrial diseasechildren wont be affected. Mitochondria mutations are associated with: DM, alzheimer's, parkinsons |
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What are vacuoles used for? |
storage sites for water, food, enzymes and waste. They isolate material that may be harmful |
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Why are fungal infections rare? |
They don't need a host to live "free-living" |
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Why is it hard to treat fungal infections with antibiotics? |
Fungal cells are very similar to humans |
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What are the 2 cell forms of protists? |
1.Trophozoite – what you will see in most pictures b/c itis the active living form (aomeba) 2. somehave the ablityto form cysts- produces a strong outer coat to prevent it from drying out – itcan wait out a bad time in it’s environment, then go back to trophozoiteform |
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Why is it hard for your body to clear Malaria? |
Malaria goes through many life stages and it goes through these stages while inside you. It also has antigenic variation - it is constantly changing and mutating. |
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What does Malaria mean? Mal= aria= |
Bad air |
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Why isn't HIV spread by mosquitoes? |
The HIV virus would be degraded in the mosquitoes stomache |
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How does malaria change the mosquitoes behaviour? |
they bite more often and take shorter drinks. Only pregnant female mosquitoes bite. |
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What are symptoms of severe malaria? |
sticky RBCs "clotting" they can cause stroke and brain damage
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What disease prevents you from contracting Malaria? |
Sickle cell disease |
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What are benefits of live vaccines? |
–Theyare able to replicate. They are replicating pathogens. –Livevaccines are Flumistand is able to produce mild illness –Theyhave a “normal” portal of entry àflumistà you are inhaling it –It isdeactivated so there is low potential for disease. Not able to make you sickbut it is able to replicate and spread to someone with a low immune system andmake them sick. –Stimulatesan inflammatory response –Thenormal flu vaccine is a “killed virus” it is complex |
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Why are there so many more antibacterial drugs than there are antiviral drugs? |
–Selectivetoxicity –Bacteriaare very different from human cells, they have features (cell walls) that wecan target with antibiotics and the antibiotics won’t hurt us–Mostof a viruses activities rely on our cells. So they have fewer unique features.Hard to have selective toxicity. |
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Why are bacteria living in biofilms more resistant to antibiotics? |
-they are sticky -Theyprotect the bact. From our attempts to decontaminate. - Hardto remove and hard to scrub off. -Hard to use chemical b/c they may get throughthe surface but not much farther. -Antibiotics may be good to getsuperficial bact. But not the deep bact. -Many bact. Do this. Quiteoften bact. Will be associated with biofilms |
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Why is extracellular DNA important for biofilms? |
DNAwill remain in an enviro for weeks if not months. Bact can pick up these DNA molecules andpossibly use some of these new traits from the DNA they pick up and mutate(horizontal gene transfer) |
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Which area has more bacteria: small intestine or large intestine? |
Large intestine. The small intestine has antimicrobial peptides and peristalsis to keep bacteria populations down |
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Is there O2 inside the oxygen? |
No. The bacteria there are anaerobic |
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What is an enteric infection? |
an infection of the GI tract |
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What is gastroenteritis? |
inflammation of the stomach, large and small intestines (vomiting and diarrhea) |
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What is an invasive infection? |
an infection of the bloodstream, bone, joint, brain or nervous system |
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What is an extra-intestinal infection? |
an infection occurring outside the intestine |
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What are the 3 ways that E.Coli can cause infection in our intestines? |
1. adhere and release a toxin 2. produce a pedestal and inject proteins into host (Salmonella does this too) 3. go directly into our cell |
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What is a facultative anaerobe? |
Can live without O2, but prefers to use O2 (E.Coli) |
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What is probably the most important defines factor for the skin? a. phagocytes b. sebum c. dryness d. antimicrobial peptides |
d. microbial peptides |
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What bacteria causes acute diarrhea with vomiting? "food poisoning" |
Staphylococcus- the exotoxin causes the vomiting and diarrhea. Need to head it to 100 degrees for 30 minutes to kill it. |
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Which hepatitis virus is an enveloped DNA virus? a. hep A b. hep B c. hep C d. hep E |
b. Hep B |
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What does it mean that E.Coli is commensal to humans? |
It is beneficial to humans. Makes vitamins for us. |
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Which E.Coli pathogen is the only intracellular one? |
EIEC |
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Where is E.Coli mostly found on the body? |
large or small intestine |
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Why are fimbriae good for infection? |
Because they are used for attachment |
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Which E.Coli strain produces the shiga toxin? |
Enterohemmorhagic E.Coli |
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What does the Shiga toxin do to the host? |
kills host cells by destroying ribosomes. Then protein synthesis cannot happen. It is denatured by heat (cooking your food) |
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How is E. Coli 0157 spread? |
Usually through contaminated water or food |
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Why is ground beef good for E.Coli 0157 to live in? |
Ground beef has lots of surface area. |
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What are the main reservoir of E.Coli 0157? |
cows |
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What is the head stable form of E.Coli? |
ETEC - enterotxogenic E.Coli- induces watery diarrhea "traveler's diarrhea" |
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What type of bacteria is Shigella? |
a special type of E.Coli (EIEC)- enteroinvasive E.Coli (normal E.Coli with special genes) |
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Characteristics of DAEC- diffusely adherent E. Coli: |
doesn't produce a toxin, infects small intestine, has microvilli to grow and wrap around bacterial cell- leading cause of UTI |
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What type of E.coli is found in the urinary tract? |
DAEC- diffusely adherent E.Coli UPEC- uropathogenic E.Coli |
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Salmonella enterica infection S&S: |
12-72 hours after infection causes mild-severe diarrhea S&S subside after 2-5 days can shed bacterium for several weeks after |
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What is the reservoir of salmonella enterica? |
intestine of birds and reptiles |
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How is salmonella transmitted? |
consuming food (veggies, meat, eggs, water) that have a small amount of animal feces Or handling reptile pets (turtles, frogs) |
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How are invasive salmonella different from regular salmonella? |
They are able to penetrate the tissues and not be flushed out by diarrhea |
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How is typhoid fever transmitted? |
salmonella infection that infiltrates the lymph nodes and the phagocytes of the liver and spleen; eventually septicaemia. |
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What is the reservoir of salmonella enterica serovar typhi? |
Only humans |
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Where can typhi reside in the body for a long time? |
gallbladder |
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True or false: salmonella is able to survive our stomach acid. |
True |
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Why is it hard to get rid of a salmonella infection? |
They have vacuoles and can live inside the phagocytes of the human immune response. It is protected. |
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True or false: Campylobacter is the most common cause of diarrhea in NA. |
True |
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what is the reservoir of campylobacter? |
chickens, wild birds, and cows |
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How is campylobacter transmitted? |
undercooked poultry, unpasteurized milk, contaminated water |
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What are the symptoms of campylobacter? |
frequent watery stools, fever, vomiting, headaches, severe abdominal pain |
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How long can symptoms of campylobacter last for? |
More than 2 weeks. They can subside and then reoccur over a period of weeks |
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True or false: most of the bacteria on the skin is gram + |
True |
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What type of bacteria is most likely involved in a cut or a scrape? |
Staphylococcus |
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True or false: nosocomial and community acquired MRSA are different strains of S. aureus? |
True |
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Where is streptococcus bacteria found most in the body? |
throat |
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How does alpha hemolytic bacteria destroy RBCs? |
oxidation of hgb |
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How does beta hemolytic bacteria destroy RBCs? |
degrades the blood cells |
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What 2 bacteria cause necrotizing fasciitis? |
Staph and strep |
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What is Koch's postulates? |
ifyou can isolate the microbe from that infected individual andinfect another – you can re-isolate it from the other ind. You have proven that this is theinfectious agent. |
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What doesn't Koch's postulates work on? |
many bact. And especially viruses- they are very hard to culture. You can't infect another human with the pathogen, would likely be another animal. This doesn't always work b/c it may not infect another animal, just humans. |
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Which hepatitis strains have a vaccine? |
Hep A&B |
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Does TB have a high or low infectious dose? |
Low (10 cells), but humans are resistant to it. If we do contract it a long course of antibiotics is needed. This is what Fort San was for, for people to stay there while they were on the antibiotics, to ensure they took the full course of the antibiotics |
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Where is the primary contamination of TB in the body? |
The tubercles of the lungs |
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Summary of TB infection: |
inhaled particles, penetrate the alveoli in the lungs, engulfed by macrophages, replicate inside macrophages, lesions burst and infect more tissue- scar tissue or calcium builds up in place of lung tissue |
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What are the 3 stages of TB? |
1. Primary: Period of hidden infection; asymptomatic or low grade fever- after 3-4 weeks immune system mounts response 2. Secondary (Reactivation): Livebacteria can remain dormant and become reactivated weeks, months, or yearslater 3. Extrapulmonary: outside of the lungs- Lymph nodes, kidneys, long bones, genitaltract, brain, and meninges - More common in immunosuppressed patients and young children, can initiate with TB getting into the lungs and then disseminate through shedding and swallowing, and infection gets into other tissues in the body. |
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How is TB diagnosed? |
CXR to see if there is scaring in the lungs, or large lymphnodes |
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What is the most highly contagious virus? And who is it's reservoir? |
Measels. Only carried by humans, no animal hosts |
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Is there a vaccine for measles? |
Yes |
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What is herd immunity? |
People who haven't had the vaccine are not likely to get it b/c so many around them have gotten the immunization for it. |
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What are of the body does herpes simplex 1 affect? |
mouth and face- can infect genitals if direct contact |
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What are of the body does herpes simplex 2 affect? |
genital tract - can infect the mouth and face if direct contact |
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Where does herpes stay latent? |
The nerve ganglion |
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If there a cure for herpes? |
No, just an antiviral that decreases symptoms during a flare-up |
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True or False: Chicken pox is a type of herpes virus. |
True |
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True or false: once you have had chickenpox once you are infected for life and the virus stays latent in the spinal ganglia |
True |
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Can you transmit Shingles person to person? |
No, but you could transmit chickenpox to someone that has never had it. |
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most communicable diseases are linked to what? |
poverty |
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What are the 3 ways that genes can transfer? |
1. HGT- plasmids - Plasmidsare a big problem b/c they carry the resistance gene and they can move to a newcell through conjugation. This new cell could be a new species that hasn’t hadresistance before. 2.Transduction- by a phage (bacterialvirus) moves bacterial genes, this is accidental. Viruses are good at carryingpackages of genes from one bacteria to another 3. Natural competence/transformation(natural transformation)- the bacterium actively takes up DNA from theenvironment. It can enquire new genes from dead neighbors. |
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What are the 2 toxins introduced by a phage? |
Shiga toxin- E.Coli Cholera toxin- Vibrio cholera |
